Electrolysis: the process of creating an electrolyte cell ○ Used for electroplating Electrolyte cell: runs by running a galvanic cell backwards → the electrons are flowing in the opposite direction ○ In galvanic cells, electron flow is a...
As the cell runs, the redox reaction is getting back to equilibrium Any Ecell value anything other than 0 is running and producing voltage → A running galvanic cell is NOT at equilibrium! A dead battery is a galvanic cell that has reached equilibrium (Ecell = 0V and Q...
Cell potential or electromotive force: the “pull” or driving force on the electrons ○ Substance being oxidized “pushes” the electrons ○ Substance being reduced “pulls” the electrons thru the wire Ecell is measured in Volts (V) using a...
Galvanic cell = battery → provide power REDOX reactions can be used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy ...
Can “couple” an unfavorable reaction with a favorable reaction to make the overall process favorable ○ Must have a common intermediate (was a product in one reaction and then became a reactant) and when coupled yield an overall reaction with a negative...
Free Energy at Nonstandard Conditions Enthalpy does not depend on volume or pressure, but entropy does ○ Positional probability: A decreasing ΔG means that the favorability of the forward reaction is increasing (reaction shifts right) An increasing ΔG...
A thermodynamically favored reaction does not always occur or may occur at extremely slow rates ○ System is described as being under “kinetic control” ■ Often due to a high activation energy Note: adding a catalyst has not effect on the values of ΔH°...
Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability Gibbs Free Energy: available energy of substance that can be used for work ○ Used to predict if a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously -ΔG° = thermodynamically favored ○ The reaction favors the products +ΔG° =...
The Third Law of Thermodynamics: the entropy of a perfect (ionic) crystal at 0K is zero bcus there is NO disorder (everythings is positioned perfectly) ○ S values at other temps must be higher Standard Entropy Standard Entropies S° (at 298K and 1 atm) (must...
Thermodynamics let us predict whether a process will occur but does not tell us about the amount of time required A spontaneous or “thermodynamically favored” process is one that occurs without intervention; the reaction rate may be fast or slow ○ Ex: a ball rolls...