Social Learning Theory Bandura (1991) Indirect Reinforcement: children observe the behaviour of others and learn the consequences of the behaviour (vicarious reinforcement). This information is stored as an expectancy of future outcome. Learning such behaviours...
Cultural Similarities Cross-cultural studies of gender show that every society has some divison of labour and behaviour by gender. (Munroe and Munroe 1975). For example, food preparation and childcare is predominately a female role, girls are socialised more towards...
Division of Labour: The role division between men and women may have evolved to enhance the groups reproductive success. If women hunted rather than played the domestic role, reproduction chances would be reduced. Women can also aid the avoidance of starvation by...
Gender Dysphoria is also known as gender identity disorder. It is characterised by a mismatch between biological appearance and the way they feel about their gender. People with gender Dysphoria: Are unambiguously male or female in appearance but are uncomfortable...
Basic Assumptions of Kohlberg’s (1966) Gender Constancy Theory. The way we think (cognitive development) changed as the result of changes in the brain due to biological maturation. Concepts of gender are only acquired when a child is cognitively ‘ready’ to acquire...
One biological influence on gender is the role of genes in gender development. Everybody has 23 pairs of chromosomes in their body which contain genes. Each of these chromosomes carries hundreds of genes containing instructions about physical and behavioural...
The evolutionary explanation of gender states that humans evolved to maximise the likelihood that individuals will pass on their genes to future generations. Males and females therefore developed optimal mating strategies to promote the conception, birth and survival...
The biosocial approach refers to theories that compare both the biological and social explanations such as Money and Ehrhardt theory and social role theory. The biosocial approach to gender development emphasises that it is the interaction of both nature and nurture...
Gender Dysphoria is a condition in which people are uncomfortable with the gender to which they are assigned. In the extreme, this can lead to transsexualism, a desire to change gender. Gender dysphoria is more common in boys, but occurs across both sexes. One...
Any cognitive developmental theory is based on the idea that children have to have reached a certain level of cognitive development before they can appreciate certain concepts, such as what it means to be a boy or girl, and the full implications of this. KOHLBERG...
Gender schema theory MARTIN AND HALVERSON’S alternative to the cognitive-development approach proposed by Kohlberg. They argue that the process of acquiring gender-relevant information happens before gender consistency is achieved. They claim that basic gender...
BANDURA renamed social learning theory as social cognitive theory emphasis the role of cognitive factors in learning. In this theory the source of information is social and what is learned is a cognition, something stored in the mind. BANDURA proposed that gender...
Cross cultural research explains the causes of gender roles and how they differ between cultures. If roles are similar in different cultures it suggests a biological explanation. However, if they vary between cultures, it suggests that gender roles are influences more...
Sex: male/ female biological sex Gender: -an ambiguous term but usually means a sense of masculinity or femininity - Also known as gender identity - Also encompasses psychological characteristics and gender role behaviours associated with being male or female...