Know that it is a redox reaction by a change in oxidation states Oxidation States Oxidation Numbers: signifies the number of charges an atom would have in a molecule or ionic compound if electrons were completely transferred Know which atom has been reduced/oxidized...
Arrhenius concept: acids produce H+ in solution, bases produce OH- ion (but what about NH3?) Bronsted-Lowry: An acid is a proton (H+) donor. A base is a proton acceptor Lewis Acids: electron-deficient molecules (+)...
Common Types of Chemical Reactions Precipitation Reactions: formation of a solid occurs Acid-Base Reactions: involves a transfer of H+ ions Justify: ○ Acid donates a proton & becomes its conjugate base ○ Base accepts a proton & becomes its...
Acid-Base Titrations Neutralization reaction: acid base reaction; produces salt and water ○ Neutralized: when just enough base is added to react exactly with the acid in a solution Titrant: solution of known concentration used in titration (in buret)...
Stoichiometry of Precipitation & Acid-Base Reactions Follow procedure when given molarity units
Physical vs Chemical Changes A physical change is a change in the form of a substance, not in its chemical composition = reversible ○ A physical change can be used to separate a mixture into pure compounds, but will not break compounds into elements ...
Write out equation and then balance it Number of molecules = number of moles (the coefficients) → always count # of particles
A representation of a chemical reaction→ must be balanced! ○ On AP exam, if coefficients are given can assume that the equation is balanced Balanced Formula/molecular equation: show all species participating in reaction ○ These equations indicate that...