20.6 - Stereoisomerism 20.6.1 - Describe stereoisomers as compounds with the same structural formula but with different arrangements of atoms in space Stereoisomers have the same molecular and structural formula, but have different arrangements of atoms in space....
20.5 - Reaction Pathways 20.5.1 - Deduce reaction pathways given the starting materials and the product Halogenoalkane to Amine Step 1 - 1-bromopropane reacts with KCN to form propanenitrile, using nucleophilic substitution Step 2 - Propanenitrile reacts with hydrogen...
20.4 - Condensation Reactions 20.4.1 - Describe, using equations, the reactions of alcohols with carboxylic acids to form esters, and state the uses of esters Esters are formed in the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols, producing a small water molecule as a...
20.3 - Elimination Reactions 20.3.1 - Describe, using equations, the elimination of HBr from bromoalkanes Halogenoalkanes can undergo both substitution and elimination reactions. The conditions determine the outcome of the reaction. When bromoethane is reacted in hot...
20.2 - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 20.2.1 - Explain why the hydroxide ion is a better nucleophile than water A nucleophile has a lone pair of electrons and is attracted to a positive nucleus. OH- is a stronger nucleophile than H2O because it has a negative...
20.1 - Introduction 20.1.1 - Deduce structural formulas for compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with one of the following functional groups: amine, amide, ester and nitrile Amine This is the -NH2 functional group when present on the end of a carbon...