All salts are ionic compounds. A salt is formed when a metallic ion or an ammonium ion replaces one or more hydrogen ions of an acid. We will study about this substance in detail in this chapter. Solubility: All nitrates, and all ammonium, sodium and potassium...
Preparation: We will learn three methods to prepare salts. Before deciding which method to use, we must know the answer to these two questions. Is the salt to be prepared soluble in water? Are the starting materials soluble in water? Method 1: This method is...
Qualitative Analysis: The process of identification of cations and anions is called qualitative analysis or salt analysis. We identify which cations (positive ions) are present in a salt by using aqueous sodium hydroxide, and aqueous ammonia. For cation...
Ammonia and its Uses Nitrogen: Nitrogen is a gas. It is the main constituent of air (78%). It plays an important role in the formation of animal and plant protein. It is also used in the manufacture of ammonia gas, an important industrial gas, through the Haber...
Uses of Ammonia: The production of ammonia is done on large scale and large quantities are produced because it has many important uses. Manufacture of Fertilizers: The main use of ammonia is in the manufacture of fertilizers. Approximately 75% of all ammonia...
Sulphuric Acid Hello students. In this chapter, we learn about how Sulphuric acid is manufactured by a process called contact process. But before we begin, let’s learn a little about the oxides of sulphur: sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide. Both oxides of sulphur...
Acids: Acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions, H+, when it is dissolved in water. All acids contain hydrogen ions, but not all compounds that contain hydrogen are acids, e.g. NH3. This is because NH3 does not produce hydrogen ions in water. It is the...
Bases: A base is any metal oxide or hydroxide. This means that a base contains either oxide ions O2- or hydroxide ions OH-. We can also define a base as a substance that reacts with an acid to give a salt and water only. base + acid -> salt + water For...
Uses of Acids: Sulphuric acid: In making detergents In making fertilizers In car batteries Hydrochloric acid: In leather processing For cleaning metals Ethanoic acid: (In vinegar) To preserve food In making adhesives such as...
Uses of Bases: Ammonia solution: In window cleaning solutions. In fertilizers. Calcium oxide: In neutralizing acidic soil Sodium hydroxide: In making soaps and detergents
Concentration and Strength: The term concentration tells us how much a substance is dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution. This is changeable, of course. By adding more of the substance, we increase its concentration. By adding more of the solvent, we decrease the...
Types of Oxides: An oxide is a compound of oxygen and another element. Most oxides can be grouped into four types: acidic oxides, basic oxides, amphoteric oxides, and neutral oxides. Acidic Oxides: Non-metals may form acidic oxides. Most acidic oxides...