The solubility of some salts is affected by the pH of the environment Basic Solutions High pH (more basic) → more OH- ions ○ Ex: ■ Increasing pH (adding OH-) → Q > Ksp → decreases solubility of the salt → solubility is less in a basic environment...
Common-Ion Effect: when you try to dissolve the solid in a solution with either the cation or anion already present less solid will dissolve/more solid will be produced → the solubility of that salt is going to be less that it was in pure water ○ Q > Ksp...
For solids dissolving to form aqueous solutions ○ Ksp = solubility product constant = ■ Ksp value depends on ion concentration → more cations & anions = higher value ■ Solids not included in equilibrium expression...
A disturbance to a system at equilibrium causes Q to differ from K The reaction will “shift” to bring Q back into agreement with K Effects of Changes to a System You can change the position of equilibrium, but not the actual value of equilibrium (K) Pressure (only...
Le Chatelier’s Principle: if a system at equilibrium is changed, the position of the equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to reduce that change
Type 1: Given initial concentrations and one equilibrium concentration Write balanced, dissolution equation → Set up ICE Table below ○ I: initial concentrations ○ C: Change in concentration ○ E: Equilibrium concentrations Solve for x If question...
The equilibrium constant of the reverse reaction is the reciprocal of the K value of the forward reaction ○ Ex: Forward reaction: (flip it) Reverse Reaction: When the equation for a reaction is multiplied by n, ○ Ex: mult. by factor of 2: When...
Use the magnitude of K to justify if a reaction favors the products or reactants at equilibrium K >1 products (forward reaction) are favored at equilibrium; more products than reactants ○ If K is VERY large, reaction goes essentially to completion ...
Equilibrium problems often include temperature → not needed in order to calculate K ○ K is a CONSTANT that only changes with temperature “Saturated solution” is at equilibrium
For the Equilibrium Constant Expression relates the concentrations of reactants and products once the reaction has reached equilibrium. ○ Equilibrium Constant Expression: ○ In questions, the equilibrium constant expression can be written as Kc, or...
Reactants decrease over time → forward reaction favored Products decrease over time → reverse reaction favored
Chemical equilibrium: when the rates of the forward reaction and the rates of the reverse reaction are equal (there is no change in the concentrations of reactants and products) Key Ideas: This does not mean the amount of product equals the amount of reactants ...