2.5.1 Stellar Spectrum A stellar spectrum consists of a continuous emission spectrum coming from the dense gas of the surface of the star, and a line absorption spectrum which arises due to electromagnetic radiation emitted through the tenuous atmosphere of the star....
2.4.1 Leptons and Quarks Matter is made up of leptons and hadrons. Leptons include, electrons, muons, taus, electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos. Hadrons are made up of two categories, baryons and mesons. Baryons have 3 quarks, all quarks or...
2.3.1 The Photoelectric E ect Charging an electroscope: 1. Bring a negatively charged rod, close to, but not touching the top plate 2. The negative charge of the rod will repel negatively charged electrons in the top which will move into the gold foil. This is...
2.2.1 Refraction and Snell's Law Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one optical medium to another. Going from more dense to less dense, a ray refracts away from the normal. Going from less design to more dense, a ray refracts towards the normal....
2.1.1 Progressive and Stationary Waves A progressive wave is one where the wave moves from one point to another, and a stationary wave is one where a wave is trapped between two boundaries and re ects back on itself. 2.1.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves A...
1.5.1 Voltage Voltage is de ned as the energy change per unit charge between two points in the circuit, with the formula: Please note that this is not in the formula booklet. 1.5.2 Ohm's Law and Resistance Ohm's Law states that the current owing through a metal at...
1.6.1 Conservation of Charge and Kirchho 's 1st Law Kirchhoff's 1st Law conserves charge and states that the sum of the current owing into a point in a circuit is equal to the sum of the current owing out of that point. 1.6.2 Conservation of Energy and Kirchho 's 2nd...
1.3.1 Energy 1.3.2 Work Work done is de ned as the force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force, with formulae: Work done = Force×distance moved in the direction of the force W = F ×x (J) = (N)(m) Please note that this is not in the...
1.4.1 Electrostatics Objects are normally uncharged, and insulators can gain charge through friction. A charged object can attract uncharged objects. A negatively charged object will repel another negatively charged one, and a positively charged will repel another...
Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Speed is not the same as velocity, speed is de ned as the rate of change of distance, whereas, velocity is the rate of change of displacement. Speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector. Acceleration is also a vector which is de ned as...
1.1.1 SI units: Time, t seconds, s Mass, m kilograms, kg Length, l metres, m Temperature, t or θ Kelvin, K Current, I Ampere, A Amount, n moles, mol Luminous Intensity, L Candela, cd These are the base units, all other units can be derived from them. e.g. the Newton -...