3.1 X-rays The X-rays section is very similar to that in PH2, so I'm not going to repeat anything, here are some quick diagrams with the key elements: Key de nition: X-rays High energy electromagnetic radiation, with photon energies between ∼ 100eV and ∼ 100keV ....
it has more B.E. per nucleon than Iron-56 then it can only be ssioned and if it has less than it can only be fused. The further from the B.E. per nucleon of Iron-56 it is, the easier it is to fuse or ssion 2.6.3 The nuclear ssion reactor We look at the basic parts of...
We can detect radiation using a Geiger Müller tube, and we can di erentiate which type it is either by checking how penetrating it is, or by using a magnetic eld to de ect it to see which way (if any) it de ects. 2.5.1 Background radiation Radiation...
The linac is made up of a series of positive and negatively charge tubes which have an alternating p.d. sent through them. Each tube is a di erent charge to the last and the tubes are sized such that as the charged particle enters each tube the p.d. switches so that...
When a current ows in a conductor (move free electrons) in a B- eld, the moving charge experiences a force of Bqv. As electrons enter the Hall Probe, the electrons experience a force upwards (Fleming's LHR). This means that we have an excess of electrons at the top...
Capacitance is the ability of a system to store charge. It is de ned as charge stored per volt. Capacitors are made of two parallel metal plates separated by an insulator. We use air or a vacuum as our insulator at A-level, but in practice, dielectrics are used....
1.6.2 Gravitational elds Surrounding every mass is a gravitational eld, if another mass enters the eld it experiences a force due to gravity. Note: We consider the mass of a spherical body to be concentrated at it's centre when looking at the eld outside the body....
The electric eld strength would tell us the amount of force a +1C charge would experience at that point. The surface of the planet Earth (or for that matter, any planet) roughly approximates (Y.F.W.S.) to a uniform eld when looking at it on a human (personsized)...
The kinetic theory of gases makes the following assumptions: • Gas consists of point particles, i.e. their volume is negligible compared with distance between particles • The particles have the same mass • The number of molecules is large enough to apply statistical...
1.3.1 Momentum Momentum is de ned as (by Newton and our syllabus): The product of a body's mass and velocity Momentum = Mass×Velocity p = mv (side note: momentum is de ned by quantum mechanics as an operator which acts on the wave function, this explains why photons...
A body exhibits SHM if the time period (T) of an oscillation is not a ected by magnitude. SHM is de ned by WJEC in two ways: 1. SHM occurs when an object moves such that its acceleration is always directed toward a xed point and proportional to its distance from the...
1.1.1 Key de nitions in circular motion Period,T for an oscillating body The time taken for one complete cycle Amplitude,A of an oscillating object The maximum value of the object's displacement (from its equilibrium position) 1.1.2 Example: Conical pendulum 1.1.3...