Constructed by medical professionals or by mass media
Biomedical model of health has dominant shaped by physical or mental impairment that unable to lead a normal life
Equal Act 2010 disability is defined as having a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term negative effect on everyday life
Shakespeare and Barnes (1996)
Socialised into seeing themselves as victims such as the person with impairment may have an investment in their own capacity due to it becoming rationale for own failure
Prejudices = disabled create social barriers that discriminate against people with disabilities and prevent from leading independent lives as mass media representation of disability are often negative
Built environment often not suitable for the needs of disabled people although this is improving
Employees are reluctant to employ disabled people as 6x more likely to be refused a job
Evidence of widespread bullying that hate crime in care homes and wide society
In 2011 there was 1’788 recorded incidents of disability hate crime in UK
8 in 10 children mainly with learning disorders have been bullied
Medical Model
Medical problem
Defined person by disability
Leads to victim blaming mentality
Medical professionals who see victims of impairment which can prevent them living a full life
Deserving pity and charity
Encouraging non-disabled people to judge and stereotype disabled people
Personal tragedy
They are called inferior
Suggest the only way a person with a disability can achieve ‘normalisation’ is with the use of dock care so mean that an individual would depend on others
Best (2005)
Def. a person’s inability to fully participate in various activities that the rest of us granted
Disabled are dependent of able-bodied and unable to function effectively without constant help
Goffman
Prejudice and discrimination against people with disabilities can have significant effect on their identity and self-esteem
Result in a disabled identity becoming a master status in eyes of both able-bodied and not
A self-fulfilling prophecy as internalised and start to believe in negative labels
Produce dependency
Scott
Produce dependency
Disabled learned to depend on sighted people
Disabled sociologists more positive identities should be promoted stressing independence choice and autonomy
Believe that state should invest in disability, friendly social environment and should address prejudice
1995 – disability discrimination act was passed and legal protection and enforceable rights to disabled people
Social Model
People living with mental or physical impairment often find that non-disabled people fail to look beyond the impairment or disability during interactions
Focuses on social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist so design of buildings and physical spaces that deny access to those with mobility problems
Assumed by non-disabled people that the identity of disabled people is shaped by their physical or mental impairments
Negatively labelled or stigmatised as a social problem
Judged in terms of their disability
Becomes a master status such as dominate the way they are treated
Disability can be socially constructed
Live on benefits and state on poverty
Negative attitudes and stereotypes held by non-disabled people about disabled people
Prejudices create social barriers that discriminate against them, so environment is more suitable
Evidence of widespread bullying
Employees reluctant to employ
Shakespeare
Major obstacles to forming a positive disabled identity
Often socialised to see themselves as inferior
Isolated from one to another to form a strong, collective identity is different
Lack of positive role models in positive life and media
A self-fulfilling prophecy can result
Disabled people internalise and start to believe in these negative labels so produce learned helplessness
Disabled carries with it a stigma affects all interactions between the disabled person and others and creates interactions and known as master status
Capitalism
Wants profits so they want healthy workforce to gain the most profit
Disabled people are less likely to have a job
Adapted to the needs of the disabled, a disabled person would be able to work so cost of money which creates social barrier
Frankelstein
Capitalist society would rather have a healthy workforce to generate profits
Seen as an economic burden
Oliver (1996)
Society which disabled physically impaired people because the disabled are excluded from full participation
By stereotypical attitudes held by able-bodied people
Best (2005)
Society generates forms of discrimination and exclusion that disabled people have to cope with
The problem is to be found in social construction of prejudice
Zola (1982)
Disabled through policy
Lead to a form of learned helplessness so internalise the idea of they are incapable of changing a situation and this fails to act
Low self-esteem and a highly structured life in which decisions are often made for disabled people and contribute
Argued to policies such as segregated schooling encouraged learned helplessness even if we intentions were well meaning
Murugami (2009)
Argues that a disabled person has ability to construct a self-identity that accepts to construct a self-identity and see themselves as a person and disability is a characteristics social barrier are produced from stereotyping and negative stigma brought on by able bodied
Barns
One of the most persistent stereotypes and major obstacle to disabled people’s successful integration into the community such as portrayed as a superhero or villain
Seligmans
Learned helplessness caused by classical conditioning
Links to disability as the impact of negative labelling can lead to learned helplessness
Meaning that’s an individual has a constant assumption that they are helpless and dependent so developing low self-esteem and worth