Connell (1995) argued there are a range of masculine identity available today
- Hegemonic masculinity so traditional and most commonly seen industrial jobs so dominant, aggressive and breadwinner
- Subordinate masculinity as homosexual men so
Stigmatised identity
Seen as the inferior man
Demonstrate traits which are opposite to hegemonic masculinity
Become socially acceptable
- Marginalised Masculinity – A form of masculinity that lacks the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity
Unsure of his social stance and feels pushed out such as disabled or belong to ethnic group so links to unemployed men but present not fully acceptance
- Complicit masculinity known has the new man
Keeps up with appearance and helps around the house
Believes in shared family roles
In touch with feminine side
Most came up with the metrosexual man
Meticulous about grooming and appearance
Lad or chav so they don’t care for education and rules
The Crisis of Masculinity
Rise in male unemployment led to some sociologists declaring males are experiencing the crisis of masculinity which led to depression and suicide
The term is used to refer to the insecurity felt by working class men
Been a loss of breadwinner identity with declining of traditional male industries
Mac, Ghall and Sewell
Emergence of hyper-masculinity among young males who look to violence and promiscuity to earn respect
Fallais study of subculture of young Americans male known as spur posse observes young working-class males responded by blaming feminism for trouble and sexual violence and only form of power
Canaan (1996)
Researched working class men in Wolverhampton
Questioned those employed and unemployed long term
Asked what’s the most important thing about being a man; those with jobs said fighting, drinking and sexual conquests so it’s predictable
Those without jobs said having a job as they felt emasculated due to unemployment