Research shows girls no longer conform to the norms of feminine identity that dominate British culture 30 years ago
Evidence suggests woman in 2017 are more likely to see themselves equal to men rather than subordinate
Chamber came up with normative feminity which is seen as pretty, cleaning the house and passive and traditional culturally dominant version focused on motherhood
Froyum said there is an assertive femintiy who are not afraid to challenge gender identity
Phallic woman are the head of the family and successful such as Margret Thatcher
McRobbie came up with gender quake also known as girl power who challenged tradition
Goes against expectations
Aggressive, competitive and challenges the culture of patriarchy
Jackson (2006) found girls would challenge male behaviour known as ladettes so would spend time smoking, drinking and swearing
These two studies led to Denscombei (2007) looked at an increase in female risk-taking behaviour
Young woman wants to be anything but the stereotype of a woman such as smoking
Gender Identity Socialisation
Education
STEM subjects applied mainly to boys, but textiles associated with girls
Fosh et al. (2002)
Found boys valued academic success and committed to work were more feminine
Those who were antisocial and anti-educational were more traditional hegemonic males
Media
Shows us of what men and woman look like and be like
Exposed from early age reinforce what family learnt
Gauntlett (2002)
Argues that magazines give advice about how to be attractive to people in relation to gender
Television, music, books and magazines provides opportunities for now to learn how they should dress, behave and interact such as Thin blonde women vs muscular man such as David Beckham
Celebrities provide role models
Workplace
Men are seen to have hands and jobs
Woman have desk jobs
Number of part time, temporal and causal jobs in labour market has risen and traditional heavy industries such as Coal and Steel
Woman have become more economically active and financially independent
Religion
Patriarchy
Woman have more rules as men are in charge
Coventry and Bradford (1992) was keen to move beyond expected role and Asian woman as pursuing further and higher education and getting careers so challenging culture
Peer groups
Derogatory Language
Girls and boys stay away from each other
Lees (1986) said males can control females by their use of derogatory language so insulting or disrespectable comments
Family
Big agent of socialisation as parents as parents decide how their child is raised such as clothes, nicknames and toys
Language used by parents such as little girls and big boy
Accepted behaviour so after 12 girls are 4 times more likely to cry than boys
Toys were Bratz for girls and bob the builder for boys
Clothes and accessories, they were dresses for girls and superhero capes for boys
Ann Oakley (1918)
Feminist who argued that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation
Patriarch starts at home with family and taught to children at a young age
- Manipulation so encouraging/discouraging behaviour it was based on their sex so culturally and stereotyping acceptable
- Canalisation so channel child’s interest in toys and clothes which are the norm for their sex such as football for boys
- Verbal appellations so giving children different nicknames which reinforce gender expectation but using gendered language
- Different activities so imitate parents and encourage to participant in domestic activities which are suitable for their gender so reinforce gender stereotype
Critics of Gender Role Socialisation
Ignores varying experiences of men and woman such as ethnicity, area, class and age
Assumes we passively accept the gender identity imposed on them
Neglects choice
Neglects changing nature of postmodern society