Joe Montoya’s challenge to Indian voting would be the last effort to use direct statute to deny Indian citizens the right to vote.
Officials in other states would:
- Printing ballots only in English (prevents non-English literate Indians from understanding the ballot)
Illiterate voters were also not allowed to vote.
- They refused to put ballot boxes on Indian reservations or near Indian communities.
- They also gerrymandered voting districts to break up concentrations of NA voters, or to isolate them and weaken their political power.