Change in the frequency and impact of tectonic hazards: The number of natural disasters has increased over time, but the increase in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions is less pronounced. On average there are now 30 volcanic eruptions and earthquakes a year....
Include mitigation and adaption strategies, together with assessment of risk and resilience. ACs are more able to invest in the most advanced protection and often expertise is sent to LIDCs. Volcanic Management: Prediction: • Remote sensing (long term changes, crater,...
Prediction: Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur, but it can be used to indicate likely locations. • Remote sensing (plate movements and electromagnetic disturbances). Allows sharing of GIS data with LIDCs. • Seismic Records...
Earthquakes represent the release of stress built up in the Earth’s crust due to tension, compression or shearing of rocks. A series of shockwaves originate from the earthquake focus and this point on the Earth’s surface is the epicentre. 95% energy released in first...
Ground shaking and Displacement: Locations close to epicentre, high magnitude and water content experience extreme ground shaking- Kobe, Japan 1995. Buildings withstand vertical movements better than horizontal. Surface displacement affects drainage, sewers, railways,...
People continue to live in tectonically active locations for a range of sociocultural, economic and environment reasons, such as: • Weathered lava produces fertile soils • Volcanoes provide opportunity for economic activity such as tourism • Tectonically active areas...
Different types of volcanoes: Super Volcanoes: Volcanoes that erupt over 1,000km3 of material in a single event. Yellowstone super-volcano in Wyoming, caldera 75km in diameter. Hot Spots: Basaltic Lava Constructive Margins Lower viscosity, hotter (1200 degrees) and...
Earth Structure: The lithosphere is the crust and the rigid upper section of the mantle (80-90km thick). It is divided into 7 large tectonic plates. The asthenosphere is a semi-molten layer in the mantle where rocks are easily deformed. Several 100s of kms thick, with...