Chromatography and Spectroscopy

Chromatography: Chromatography is used to separate individual components from a mixture of substances. Used in analysis of drugs and other mixtures.

TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography is quick and inexpensive. Indicates how many components there are in mixture.  Phase: Stationary phase is solid adsorbent, usually silica. Stationary phase lies on TLC place, usually glass or plastic. Mobile phase is liquid solvent. ...

Gas Chromatography: GC MS enables products to be identified- by separating the components in a mixture and identify them by comparing with a database.  GC MS used in forensics, environmental analysis and airport security.  Number of products = number of peaks....

NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analyse organic compounds. Nuclei of atoms absorbs magnetic field and radio frequency radiation, absorption measured by NMR. Frequency required for resonance proportional to magnetic field strength.  NMR used in...

C-13 NMR: Carbon- 13 NMR spectrum tells us… number of different carbon environments from number of peaks AND types of carbon environments from chemical shift values. Remember carbon as no splitting.  Chemical Environment: Carbon atoms bonded to different atoms...

Proton NMR: Proton NMR spectrum tells us… 1) Number of different proton environments from number of peaks. 2) Types of proton environment from chemical shift values.  3) Relative number of proton in each environment given from integration traces/ ratio numbers of...

Mass spec- molecular ion peak m/z to give Mr, fragment ions to identify parts of ion.  Cl can be Mr 35 or 37. Br can be Mr 79 or 81.

Must learn these.  This is qualitative analysis.  Testing Phenol: Phenols acidic so can be tested using pH indicator paper. However phenols not as acidic as carboxylic acid and do not react with sodium carbonate.  Or can add bromine at room temperature...