Method Sample: 48 girls, 48 boys aged 35 – 69 months (mean = 52 months) Group 1: watched real life male/female models be aggressive to Bobo doll Group 2: watched 10 minute film version of model be aggressive to doll Group 3: watched cartoon of female model dressed as...
Aim To find out if children would show more aggressive behaviour if exposed to an aggressive role model and less aggressive if exposed to a non-aggressive role model To see if the sex of the role model and the children made a difference, specifically to see if the...
Pavlov (1849 – 1936) 1897: experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs, found that dogs would salivate at the sound of a tone that had previously been associated with the presentation of food Watson (1878 – 1958) 1920 – Watson found that...
Scientific Approach: theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observations and measurement of behaviour Focus on Observable Data: Watson thought that instead psychologists should only study things that could be directly...
Learning through association with a neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which produces a natural unconditioned response. Neutral Stimulus (NS): an environmental stimulus that does not naturally produce a response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):...
Pavlov developed classical conditioning after studying secretion in dogs Aim To study how the cerebral cortex works in making associations To look for a mechanism linking reflexes to cerebral cortex Procedure Pavlov studied the reflex of salivating, to see if a dog...
Aim To see if they could condition fear of an animal by simultaneously presenting the animal and striking a steel bar to make a loud noise and frighten the child The fear would be transferred to other animals and objects There would be an effect of time on the...
The learning of voluntary behaviour through consequences When people behave in a particular way and are rewarded for that behaviour, then they will repeat it; if they are punished for it they will stop the behaviour
He put a cat in a cage with a latch across the door and a piece of salmon outside the cage. Thorugh trial and error the cat unlocked the door and ate the fish. With repetition each effort become quicker. Behaviour that produced the desired effect became dominant and...
Contained a lever for an animal to press for food to be delivered. Had a speaker and lights that could be used to trigger a behaviour and a shock generator was connected to the food to deliver an electric shock in response to a behaviour Stimulus response association...
Reinforcement tells you what to do, punishment tells you what not to do Reinforcement: any consequence that strengthens a behaviour Positive Reinforcement: strengthens a response by presenting positive stimulus Negative Reinforcement: strengthens a response by...
Fixed Ratio: applying the reinforcement/punishment after a specific number of behaviours. The problem is that the person involved will begin to notice the pattern Fixed Interval: after a specific amount of time. Problem is people tend to improve their performance just...
Any behaviour leading to the target behaviour is rewarded. Giving the bird food when it turns slightly in the direction of the spot – this increases the frequency of such behaviour Withhold reinforcement until a slight movement is made toward the spot By reinforcing a...
S – Thorndike – trial and error with cats – shows behaviour learnt through reinforcement S – Skinner – positive reinforcement - shows behaviour learnt through reinforcement C – animal research – cannot generalise – different cognitive abilities C – high reliability –...
Learning through observation, imitation and modelling of another person or role model People can learn through observation Live Model: involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behaviour Verbal Instruction Model: descriptions and explanations of a...
S – Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961) – children do copy aggression, vicarious reinforcement, watched an adult play aggressively with a Bobo doll, child would also repeat the same thing as the role model was not punished – children learn through observation S – Boesch...