Similarities There is a lot of research evidence to support both of them (SLT – Bandura, Ross & Ross, SFP – Rosenthal and Jacobson) A variety of methods have been used to test them They are both nurture based Differences SLT considers reinforcement whereas SFP...
The media refers to ways of communicating information to the public such as TV, radio, newspapers, adverts, films and video games. The vast majority of us see more criminality in the media that in real life. A lot of what we see is designed to attract our attention...
TEPs are used to obtain desirable behaviour in a closed institution such as a prison. They are used for both juvenile and adult offenders and are a form of behaviour modification. They are based on the idea of Operant Conditioning and reinforcement to encourage...
The TEP can be administered by anyone who works at the prison without the need for specialist training. This means that they are fairly cheap to run. Hobbs and Holt investigated the effectiveness of TEPs with boys in a correctional institution. Behaviours like rule...
AMPs focus on those with aggressive behaviour that needs to be controlled. Anger is considered a normal, healthy response, but if it develops into a rage that takes a person over it is not healthy and puts a strain on the body. It can trigger angry outbursts which may...
Ireland looked at 50 young male prisoners completing an AMP and 37 who were the control – both groups had committed similar offences and had similar anger levels. Behaviour was assessed at 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after the course – there was a 92% improvement for...
Similarities Both aim to reduce recidivism Both can be used in a prison environment Neither of them guarantee success – they both require self-motivation They are both influenced by the learning approach which says that non-criminal behaviour can be taught Differences...
Aims To see if the phrasing of a question would affect estimates of speed and to apply the findings to the idea of leading questions in court. Procedures (Experiment One) 45 students were put into 5 groups. They were shown 7 films of traffic accidents lasting between...
Clear controls mean that it is replicable and it was also replicated in a way by the second procedure which suggests reliability. Also, Loftus has done many other experiments which prove its reliability. Estimates of speed and saying yes/no to broken glass provides...
They interviewed real witnesses of a real crime – people who had witnessed a gun shooting. A thief entered a gun shop, tied up the owner and stole money and guns. The owner freed himself and picked up a revolver. He went outside to get the registration number of the...
It is a field study with a real environment and real situation so it has high validity. Care was taken to make sure that witness testimony never altered what actually happened so the findings seem reliable. We cannot generalise from the findings because only 13 people...
Eyewitness testimony (EWT) comes from someone who has seen a crime. They give a statement, might identify someone from a line up and may have to give testimony in court. This can have important consequences such as deciding at who is at fault in a car accident. If EWT...
Bandura, Ross & Ross – children copied aggressive models, reproducing verbal/physical aggression towards a BoBo doll and were more likely to copy a model if it was the same gender as them. Williams et al – the introduction of broadcast TV to a remote community...
Stereotyping means thinking of a whole group as having certain characteristics and then using evidence from one member and applying it to all the people from that group. Labelling links stereotyping – labels come from stereotypes. Labelling comes from a majority group...
Evidence of the SFP can come from Rosenthal and Jacobson, even though it is about education and not specifically to do with crime – they told teachers that certain pupils were about to blood on the basis of a test but they picked the students at random. Those labelled...
Laboratory experiments look for cause-and-effect relationships by controlling as much as possible, implementing an artificial task in an artificial and controlled environment. Everything is kept as identical as possible, except for the independent variable (IV) which...
Field experiments are based in real situations. They have all the features of an experiment with the manipulation of an IV to see the effect that it has on the DV but it all happens in a natural environment. They still aim to find cause-and-effect conclusions. The use...
Aims To look at the effect of being part of a field experiment related to eyewitness recall and photo identification, and how a disguise would affect retrieval. He also wanted to see if instructions given before recall to review the incident would affect...
There is reliability because the results support those of the meta-analysis of Haber and Haber (2001). It was in the pps natural environment – they were going about their normal business when approached and this suggests that it has ecological validity. Controls over...
Field studies are not experiments. They don’t study a cause-and-effect relationship and they don’t manipulate an IV to see the effect that it has on a DV. Rather they use a real life environment and a real life event and situation. They tend to produce qualitative...
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (SLT) describes and explains criminal behaviour in terms of modelling. It means that behaviour is observed through watching others (this can be through the media) and then replicated by the observer. Four cognitive processes are...