- Social: Obedience found not to be influenced by gender (Milgram). However, there are cultural differences (collectivistic versus individualistic) in obedience.
- Cognitive: Sebastian and Hernandez Gil found differences in digit span length among English and Spanish speakers. How memory is reconstructed is based on cultural differences or gender stereotypes.
- Biological: Hormonal differences between male and female possibly affecting behaviour, ie aggression (due to increased testosterone).
- Learning: Principles of reinforcement patterns in various cultures determine what is learned. Gender appropriate behaviour is dictated by reinforcement and imitation.
- Clinical: Definition of abnormal behaviour and classification of such behaviour is culturally determined. Culturally specific disorders and differences in diagnostic criteria in American DSM and European ICD. DSM V designed to ensure individuals from all backgrounds can be diagnosed.
- Child: Childrearing practices vary across cultures, ie Germany encourages independence and Japan encourages dependence. These children would be judged as insecure due to inappropriately using American standards about maternal sensitivity (ethnocentric bias).
