SALES VOLUME AND REVENUE
Total revenue (TR) is the revenue received from sale at a given level of output
Total revenue = price x quantity sold
Average revenue (AR) is the average receipt per unit. This is basically the price of each unit
Average revenue = total revenue/quantity sold
Marginal revenue is the extra revenue earned from the sale of one extra unit. It is the difference between total revenue at different levels of output.
AVERAGE, FIXED, VARIABLE AND TOTAL COSTS
Fixed costs are costs which do not vary with output. For example, rent, advertising
and capital goods are fixed costs. They are indirect. Variable costs change with output. They are direct costs. For example, the cost of raw materials increases as output increases.
The total cost is the cost to produce a given level of output
Total costs = total variable costs + total fixed costs
Average cost is the cost per unit
Average costs = total costs / quantity produced
Marginal cost is the cost of producing one extra unit.
Percentage change can be calculated using the following formula:
% change = (final value – initial value)/initial value