5.10 - Understand that plants with desired characteristics can be developed by selective breeding. - Plants can be bred selectively by choosing plants with desired characteristics (e.g. colour, size of fruit) through pollination. 5.11 - Understand that animals with...
- Vector: (a virus or plasmid) that transfers genetic material into a cell, or from one bacterium to another. - Recombinant DNA: Genetic material formed by recombination (by restriction enzymes and ligase enzymes). - When a virus or plasmid is inside a host cell, it...
5.17 - Describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media. - Explants (small pieces of plant) are grown in vitro in agar jelly as it contains nutrients (amino acids and glucose)....
4.11 - Understand the biological consequences of pollution of air by sulphur dioxide and by carbon monoxide. - Sulphur dioxide reacts with rainwater to form sulphurous acid, which falls as acid rain. - Carbon monoxide is created as a result of incomplete combustion. •...
CROP PLANTS (5.1 - 5.4) 5.1 - Describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of certain crops. - Conditions in glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be controlled. - This means that all the limiting factors for plant growth can be set...
1.1 - Understand that living organisms share the following characteristics: MRS H. GREN Life Process Explanation Movement The ability to go in a specific direction or place, resulting in a change in position. Respiration The ability to produce energy as well as...
2.33 - Understand that the process of respiration releases energy in living organisms. - Respiration is a process that breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP. 2.34 - Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic...
1.2 - Describe the common features shared by organisms within the following main groups: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses. PLANT (e.g. flowering plants, herbaceous legume etc.) - Multicellular organisms. - Cells contain chloroplasts and can...
3.13 - Understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located. - The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located. 3.14 - Understand that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA and that a gene codes for a specific...
2.1 - Describe the levels of organisation within organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems. Level of Organisation Description Organelles Specialised structures within any cell. Cells The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Tissues A...
2.5 - Identify the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils). - Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen - Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen - Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (some may contain Sulphur) CHO CHO CHON[S]...
2.12 - Understand definitions of diffusion, osmosis and active transport. - Diffusion: The passive movement of particles down a concentration gradient. - Osmosis: The movement of water molecules down a water-potential gradient through a selectively-permeable membrane....
FLOWERING PLANTS (2.17 - 2.22) 2.17 - Describe the process of photosynthesis and understand its importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. - Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. - Light energy...
2.44 - Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes. Part of the Thorax Description Ribs Acts as a protective cage for the lungs. Can be lifted by intercostal...
2.49 - Understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell. - Unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell. - A transport system is not required because...
FLOWERING PLANTS (2.67) 2.67 - Understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf. - Carbon dioxide and oxygen are waste products of metabolism. • Carbon dioxide is a waste product of...
2.77 - Understand that organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment. - Organisms are sensitive and are able to respond to changes (stimuli) in their environment. 2.78 - Understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment...
3.1 - Understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. - Sexual reproduction: Two parents create non-identical offspring who inherits characteristics from both parents. - Asexual reproduction: A single parent creates an identical offspring. 3.2 -...
4.1 - Understand the terms population, community, habitat and ecosystem. - Population: All the organisms of a particular species found in an ecosystem at any one time. - Community: The populations of all species found in a particular ecosystem at any one time. -...
4.4 - Explain the names given to different trophic levels to include producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposers. - Producer: Plants which photosynthesise to provide food. - Consumer: Animals that eat plants or other animals. • Primary...
4.8 - Describe the stages in the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation. - Evaporation: When water turns into water vapour due to heat. - Transpiration: When water evaporates from the surface of a plant. - Condensation: When...
Movement In And Out Of Cells Substance move in and out of cells by three ways: Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of random movement....
Energy Content per gram of food (J) = 4.2 x temp. Rise x 20/ mass of food Respiration There are two types of respiration; Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration takes place in living cells, inside the mitochondria, so is not present in bacteria...
Disease The general course of a disease: 1.Infection: Droplet infection - coughs, sneezes e.g. cold, influenza • Drinking contaminated water - e.g. cholera, typhoid Eating contaminated food - e.g. polio, salmonella Direct contact - skin to skin contact e.g. athlete’s...
Environment: Humans inhabit many of the Earth’s ecosystems. An ecosystem is a distinct, self-supporting system interaction with each other and with their physical environment. Ecosystems have: Producers - green plants that photosynthesise. Consumers - animals that eat...
Reproduction and Heredity The process of fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete (sex cell) to produce a single cell called a zygote. Reproductive System: Male: Sperm is stored and created in the testes. During intercourse it travels along the...
Nephron: there are millions of these in each kidney and they are the main areas of the kidney where filtration occurs. Homeostatic Mechanisms Organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment by adapting their internal body conditions. Homeostasis is the...
Internal Transport The Blood Contains… Plasma Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (lymphocytes and phagocytes) Platelets Sickle Cell Anaemia: This is a disease where the genetic code for the production of haemoglobin has mutated. This causes the...
Gaseous Exchange Lungs: During inhalation the external intercostal muscles contracts and the internal relaxes which pushes the ribs up and out. Apart from this, the diaphragm contracts, puling the diaphragm down and flat. All this creates a high volume in the chest...
Nutrition and Energy Balanced Diet: eating foods on a regular basis that provide all the right nutrients (carbs, lipids, protein, minerals, vitamins, water and fibre) in the right amount and proportion for the person to remain healthy. Your diet will change according...
Coordination Neurones: Central Nervous System: This contains the brain and spinal cord and is what gives out orders to other parts of the body. How neurones work: An electrical impulse is sent from a nerve receptor and travels along the axon. At the nerve ending,...
Form and movement Axial skeleton - skull, ribcage, vertebral column. Appendicular skeleton - scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone), pelvis (under vertebral column) and limbs. Limbs: Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus) : The functions of the skeleton: 1....
Under an electron microscope parts of the animal cell such as the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria can be seen. Examiners often like to ask this question. The main differences between a plant cell and an animal one is the lack of certain organelles...
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates: 1. Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. 2. Are split into groups polysaccharides (e.g. starch), disaccharide (e.g. sucrose) and monosaccharides (e.g. glucose). 3. The test for starch involves iodine. If it changes...