Movement In And Out Of Cells Substance move in and out of cells by three ways: Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of random movement....
Energy Content per gram of food (J) = 4.2 x temp. Rise x 20/ mass of food Respiration There are two types of respiration; Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration takes place in living cells, inside the mitochondria, so is not present in bacteria...
Disease The general course of a disease: 1.Infection: Droplet infection - coughs, sneezes e.g. cold, influenza • Drinking contaminated water - e.g. cholera, typhoid Eating contaminated food - e.g. polio, salmonella Direct contact - skin to skin contact e.g. athlete’s...
Environment: Humans inhabit many of the Earth’s ecosystems. An ecosystem is a distinct, self-supporting system interaction with each other and with their physical environment. Ecosystems have: Producers - green plants that photosynthesise. Consumers - animals that eat...
Reproduction and Heredity The process of fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete (sex cell) to produce a single cell called a zygote. Reproductive System: Male: Sperm is stored and created in the testes. During intercourse it travels along the...
Nephron: there are millions of these in each kidney and they are the main areas of the kidney where filtration occurs. Homeostatic Mechanisms Organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment by adapting their internal body conditions. Homeostasis is the...
Internal Transport The Blood Contains… Plasma Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (lymphocytes and phagocytes) Platelets Sickle Cell Anaemia: This is a disease where the genetic code for the production of haemoglobin has mutated. This causes the...
Gaseous Exchange Lungs: During inhalation the external intercostal muscles contracts and the internal relaxes which pushes the ribs up and out. Apart from this, the diaphragm contracts, puling the diaphragm down and flat. All this creates a high volume in the chest...
Nutrition and Energy Balanced Diet: eating foods on a regular basis that provide all the right nutrients (carbs, lipids, protein, minerals, vitamins, water and fibre) in the right amount and proportion for the person to remain healthy. Your diet will change according...
Coordination Neurones: Central Nervous System: This contains the brain and spinal cord and is what gives out orders to other parts of the body. How neurones work: An electrical impulse is sent from a nerve receptor and travels along the axon. At the nerve ending,...
Form and movement Axial skeleton - skull, ribcage, vertebral column. Appendicular skeleton - scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone), pelvis (under vertebral column) and limbs. Limbs: Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus) : The functions of the skeleton: 1....
Under an electron microscope parts of the animal cell such as the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria can be seen. Examiners often like to ask this question. The main differences between a plant cell and an animal one is the lack of certain organelles...
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates: 1. Contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. 2. Are split into groups polysaccharides (e.g. starch), disaccharide (e.g. sucrose) and monosaccharides (e.g. glucose). 3. The test for starch involves iodine. If it changes...