Why should we allow use of drugs; Gives people a chance to be as good as their potential allows Removes “unfair” genetic advantages Controlled use of drugs is less risky People should have the right of choice Legalising drugs makes their distribution...
A moderate level of exercise improves health & well-being. However, over-training can result in the opposite effect. This is the phenomenon known as “burn-out” Positive effects of exercise include; Increased BMR Decreased blood...
Key-hole surgery is a technique which allows doctors to conduct surgery with the minimum possible damage to the patient. The surgeon makes a small incision (a “key-hole”) and uses a fibre-optic camera to view the damaged area. If required, the surgeon can make a...
A spirometer is used to plot breathing patterns Vital Capacity: The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling the maximum possible volume of air Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled & exhaled in one breath Basal Metabolic Rate: The rate...
Sprinters need lots of fast twitch muscle, joggers need slow twitch. Therefore, the muscle type of a cheetah or a gazelle will be predominantly fast twitch, whereas the muscle of a camel or an elephant will be predominantly slow twitch. Muscle type in humans is...
See 4.6.11 for mechanisms of thermoregulation. The thermoregulatory process (and most homeostatic systems) are controlled by negative feedback processes. If a system changes, it is detected, a homeostatic response is activated, which aims to return the system to its...
Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) is made from three components; Ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA). A base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. Up to 3 phosphate These...
In anaerobic respiration lactate is taken via the blood to the liver, where it is broken down into pyruvate using oxygen and NADH.
Muscles are made from muscle fibres arranged into bundles. Each fibre is made from bundles of myofibrils, which are extremely long, cylindrical muscle cells. The functional unit of contraction is the sarcomere. Muscle cells contain many sarcomeres arranged in...
Cartilage: a tissue made from collagen, which protects bone ends A muscle: an organ that produces movement by contraction A joint: the junction between two bones A tendon: joins muscle to bone A ligament: joins bone to bone to stabilise a joint Muscles work in pairs....