Possible Future Treatments Gene therapy: The genotype (therefore the phenotype of target cells) is altered: Normal alleles of the gene are inserted into the target cells using a genetically modified virus or using liposomes (spherical phospholipid bilayers) The...
What goes wrong with DNA? A mistake in translation can produce mRNA with one or more incorrect codons Error in cystic fibrosis sufferers is in the DNA as the problems are in every epithelial cell Mistakes arise when DNA copies itself curing the process of DNA...
Cystic Fibrosis Inheritance Genes and chromosome pairs: Gene; a length of DNA that codes for a protein Every cell (except sex cells) contain two copies of each gene, one from each parent Both copies have the same locus on each of the paired chromosomes 23 pairs...
Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Medication Diet Digestive Enzyme supplements Physiotherapy Heart and lung transplant · Bronchodilators · Antibiotics · DNAease enzymes · Steroids · High energy foods · Salt supplements...
CFTR Protein Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the DNA that carries the instructions for making the CFTR protein Structure of DNA: James Watson and Francis Crick proposed model for DNA based on X-ray diffraction patterns DNA is found in every cell...
Enzyme Function Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactions that would normally be slow at cell temperature Precise 3-D shape includes a depression surface; active site Amino acids involved on active site whilst other remain 3-D...
Reproductive System Females have reduced chance of pregnancy; mucus plug develops in the cervix Men usually lack the sperm duct on both sides which means sperm cannot leave the testes If the sperm duct is present, it is usually blocked by sticky mucus
Digestive System People with CF have a high basal metabolic rate Pancreatic duct becomes blocked with sticky mucus, stop the release of digestive enzymes Lower concentration of enzymes in the small intestine reduces the rate of digestion Food is not fully digested so...
Water Regulation; unaffected lungs Cells that line the airways produce mucus Water in the mucus is continuously regulated to maintain a constant viscosity Must be runny enough to be moved by beating cilia However it cannot be so runny that the fluid floods the airway...
Transport of Substances through Cell Membrane Type of molecule Examples Through which part of the membrane Active or passive With or against the concentration gradient Diffusion Small, uncharged molecules Carbon dioxide and oxygen Phospholipid bilayer...
Cell Membrane Structure Phospholipid Bilayer: CF: caused by a faulty transport protein in the surface membranes of epithelial cells Basic structure of the bilayer is two layers of phospholipid Phospholipid Molecule: Only has two fatty acids; negatively...
Protein Structure General Structure All composed of the same basic unites – amino acids 20 different amino acids Plants can make all these amino acids, animals can only make some Animals obtain the other amino acids through diet; essential amino acids Amine...