Tourism

Define tourist. (1)

A person who is visiting a place for leisure or holiday

Define domestic tourist (1)

A person who is visiting a place for holiday from same country

Define international tourist (1)

A person who is visiting a place for holiday from another country

Explain why international tourism has increased (4)

Development of transportation – more airports
Package holidays, cheaper air travel – more affordable
More advertising
Investment in tourism facilities
More travel agencies

Define tourist industry (1)

Business of providing services eg entertainment for visitors

Choose two different types of landscape and explain why they attract tourists. (4)

Beaches – tourists can sunbathe / watersports
River valleys – scenery is attractive
Mountain areas – suitable for hiking / skiing

Suggest reasons why no of tourists to Kenya from different parts of world varies (3)

Distance – fewer tourists from further away
Level of development – more tourists from richer countries
Transport links – ease of access

Suggest reasons why no of tourists varies from year to year. (3)

Variations in weather
Competition
Political issues eg war, natural disasters eg earthquakes
Hotels / resorts / amusement parks built
Restricting / boosting tourist no by gov eg investment

Explain why seasonal changes in number of tourists cause problems. (4)

Seasonal employment – income inconsistent
Hotels full at some times & under-used at others

At busiest times

Traffic congestion – air pollution
Visitor attractions – overcrowded

Explain how tourists are attracted to an area. (5)

Historical buildings eg castles – learn history
Shopping centres – entertainment
Art galleries / museums
Restaurants
Theme parks
Hotels

Explain how growth of international tourism encourages development of economy & infrastructure in country. (5)

Increase job opportunities / employment – earn money
Increase market – more goods / services – increase GDP
Improved transport network eg roads/airports – more accessible
Increase tax – increase gov revenue – investment for infrastructure
Improve provision of electricity and running water
Better infrastructure to attract more tourists

Suggest benefits of tourism for local. (4)

Increase job opportunities eg sell food, souvenirs, jobs in hotel – earn money
Increase income for local businesses
Improved transport network eg roads / airports – more accessible
Increase tax – increase gov revenue – investment for education / healthcare
Cultural exchange – learn new language

Suggest how tourism may cause problems for local ppl. (5)

Noise
Litter – visual pollution spoils view
Traffic congestion – air pollution – breathing difficulties
Overcrowded shops – local cannot use
Increase in prices – inflation
Impact of behaviour of tourists eg racism, fighting

Explain how tourist industry can have positive impacts on natural environment (5)

Money earned used to protect environment
Create National Parks conserves species
Careful management preserves natural environment – prevent extinction

Suggest ways in which tourist industry is likely to threaten the natural environment. (5)

Deforestation – loss of habitats – loss of food sources – disrupt food chain – threat species extinction
Water pollution – kills sea animals, damage coral
Air pollution from vehicles
Noise disturbs wildlife
Overfishing
Feed animals makes them dependent on humans / inappropriate diet

Explain how creation of game reserves & national parks is likely to help tourism to be sustainable. (5)

Ensure preservation of wildlife – protects habitats
Game reserves & national parks will still be there for future generations
Creates employment or income for local ppl eg ppl look after reserves
Money earned – invest in more tourist facilities
Cultures retained – tribal groups still exist in future

Explain how creating a National Park helps to maintain, conserve or improve quality of natural environment. (5)

Protects environment
Control no of visitors to area
Some areas fenced off – leave time so species can recover
Visitors educated – less damage to environment
Control no of buildings – less vegetation lost to development

Case studies

Explain how tourism is managed in order for it to be sustainable (7)

Explain how negative impacts of tourism are managed. (7)

Explain how it has both +ve and -ve impacts on local ppl (7)

Describe problems caused by tourism for local ppl & natural environment (7)

Describe an economic activity which takes place & explain how this is threatening local natural environment. (7)

Describe its natural & human attractions. (7)

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Basic info	Population: 2.8 million ppl Developed country – high GNI per capita: $25,000 HDI: 0.84 (rank 41st) Economy – export of oil & natural gas, tertiary industry: tourism, retail & trade
Tourism info	In 2015, 9 million ppl visited, Earns $4 billion a year (25% of Dubai’s GDP) Tourist no ↑ by 10% each year (global average: 4%)
Physical tourist attraction	Easily accessible from Europe by air with 120 airlines flying there including the national airline Emirates Major hotel developments including 6* hotels e.g. Burj as Arab Highly developed tourism infrastructure and leisure facilities including golf courses, ski dome and water parks High end shopping malls with tax free shopping Traditional culture: opportunities to see historic buildings e.g. mosques and spend time in desert with traditional people
Human tourist attraction	Easily accessible from Europe by air with 120 airlines flying there including the national airline Emirates Major hotel developments including 6* hotels e.g. Burj as Arab Highly developed tourism infrastructure and leisure facilities including golf courses, ski dome and water parks High end shopping malls with tax free shopping Traditional culture: opportunities to see historic buildings e.g. mosques and spend time in desert with traditional people
Economic impacts	Causes demand-pull inflation coz ↑ demand → general prices of goods & services ↑ ↑ seasonal unemployment during off season eg ski instructors unemployment is likely to be higher in the summer coz no snow Become too dependent on tourism eg in Dubai, tourism sector accounts for 25% of the Emirate’s annual GDP → risky coz tourist numbers can fall dramatically due to natural disaster or pandemic eg COVID-19
Social impacts	Ppl displaced from their homes to build tourist infrastructures eg hotels ↑ in pressure on water and energy coz ↑ population Fresh water is abundantly used in swimming pools or to irrigate golf courses for tourists → to produce more fresh water to meet the demand, desalination is used which is expensive Traditional culture may be abandoned coz local people copy tourists’ culture in terms of their clothes or behaviour
Environmental impacts	Extensive use of air conditioning coz hot temp uses a lot of electricity (produced by burning fossil fuels → increase CO₂ Lack of water → use desalinated water to produce fresh water Uses a lot of fossil fuel Creates a concentrated saline waste → deposited & pollutes the sea Fresh water is abundantly used to irrigate golf courses & swimming pools Waste of resource in desert environment Reclamation of land to create developments e.g. The World, the Palms causes environmental damage to marine ecosystem coz sediment is deposited on coral reefs → destruction Flying to Dubai has ↑ CO₂ produced from burning jet fuel