Population dynamics

Birth rate – no of ppl born per 1000 in a pop per year

Death rate – no of ppl died per 1000 in a pop per year

Natural population change – difference between birth rate & death rate

Overall population change – difference between BR & DR +/- for migration

Fertility rate – average number of children a female is expected to have in their lifetime

Life expectancy – no of years on average that a person is expected to live within a country

Infant mortality rate – no of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year

Demographic Transition Model

Over-population – too many ppl living in an area for resources & space available

Under-population – not enough ppl living in an area so resources & space are wasted

Optimum population – level of pop is enough to fully use resources available, total pop at which GDP is at the highest level

Why countries become over-populated (3)

• High population growth
• High birth rate due to lack of family planning
• Low death rate due to good healthcare services
• Large amount of immigration

Describe problems of over-population on a country. (4)

• There will a lack of sufficient resources to meet the needs of its population, which leads to lower standards of living and increase number of people living in poverty.
• Also, the government does not have sufficient money to invest in public services eg education and healthcare, leading to a poor quality of services and facilities.
• Moreover, diseases can spread easily in overcrowded living conditions and with insufficient medical services, the life expectancy is reduced.
• Furthermore, traffic congestion occurs leading to atmospheric pollution from combustion.

Describe problems of under-population (4)

• One of the problems caused by under-population is shortage of workers lead to lower optimum productivity, which limits the countries’ GDP.
• Also, resources are not able to be fully exploited eg outback is undeveloped and unused.
• Moreover, it is difficult to defend the country due to the lack of people in the defence force.
• Besides, government lacks financial resources to invest in public services due to the lack of tax collected. This causes closure to public services eg schools and hospitals as they cannot meet the threshold population, consequently, reduce the accessibility to public services.

Explain why countries with large areas of land may not be under-populated (5)

• High population density
• Large areas of land could be of little use eg deserts
• Few resources might be available eg coal
• High level of technology allows economy to develop without much labour, so all resources can be easily exploited be few ppl

Explain why some areas are underpopulated. (3)

• Relatively few ppl living there coz of eg extreme climate
• Large amounts, surplus of resources

Suggest why child mortality is high in some countries in Africa (4)

• Poor healthcare, lack doctors, lack vaccination, lack medicine
• Poor food & water supply, hygiene, waterborne disease eg chlorea
• Poor education about diet

Suggest why countries with high child mortality have high birth rate (5)

• Ppl have lots of children to replace those that die at a young age
• Need children to help on land, in home to look after siblings and parents in old age, collect water, work to earn money
• No state pensions for elderly so need to rely on children

Explain how gov policies influence pop growth rate (5)

• Anti-natalist policy
• Restrict family size by limiting no of children
• Education ppl about contraception
• Make birth control or contraceptives more afforable
• Educate women to encourage them to take jobs
• Increase marriage age

HIV/AIDS

Origin	Impact
HIV-1 – arose in Central Africa HIV-2 – arose in West Africa	HIV mostly occurs in women When women give birth, they infect the child → ↑ death rate for infants Death rate of mothers → ↑ orphans Due to countries being poor → lack of state welfare → poverty & lack of education

Case studies

High rate of natural population growth / Over-population – Bangladesh

Basic info	Capital city – Dhaka Neighboring countries – India & Myanmar Population – 160 million Population density – 1000ppl/km2 Growth rate – 1.2%
Causes for high pop growth	Birth rate: 18/1000	Birth rate: 18/1000
	Lack of availability & knowledge of child cost & family planning Lack of access to contraceptives – 62% use contraception, which increases the risk of unintended pregnancies and fertility rate Most ppl are subsistence farmers → need many children as economic assets to help them work on the farms Many women are uneducated, don’t have a job. They have a early marriage – 1/3 girls married by 18 years old, women marrying earlier tend to have children earlier & bear more children over their lifetime No state pension → many children to take care when they’re old High infant mortality rate (30/1000 per year) so ppl have lots of children to replace those that die at a young age	Improvement in Health care → ↓ child mortality Education Clean water supply Food supply Sanitation
Impacts	Shortage of job opportunities cause high unemployment. Consequently, 25% of the population living below the poverty line of $1.25 per day. Lack of education, housing, health care provision, due to the lack of sufficient resources to meet the needs of it’s the population, 13% of the population do not have access to clean water, which cause more people to suffer from water borne disease eg cholera. Also 33% of the children under 5 are underweight due to the lack of food supply Life expectancy is reduced to 52 years old as overcrowding cause diseases to be spread easily and lack of medical service Urban area → pollution from traffic congestion Over cultivation of land to grow crops to meet the demand of large pop reduces soil fertility, which reduces crop yield & leads to malnutrition for many ppl Unemployment → low standard of living, GDP: US$380
Solutions	Anti-natalist policy (family planning / ↓ birth rate) Law-marriage age, women: 18, men: 21 Support for full-time area health workers who provide contraception service Limit families to 2-3 children Improve women’s education Success? – In 1981: 18%, 2015: 60% Obstacles – Many women governed by purdah → can’t leave home without permission → difficult for health workers to contact

Low rate of natural population growth / Under-population – Australia

Basic info	Capital city – Canberra Population – 24.6 million Population density – 3ppl/km2 Growth rate – 0.4%
Causes for low pop growth	Birth rate: 12/1000	Death rate: 8/1000 (life expectancy: 82)
	High childcare cost Well-educated women 95% use of birth control methods Low infant mortality rate	Good health care, education, clean water supply, food supply, sanitation
Impacts	Less paying taxes / Not enough tax so the government lacks financial resources to invest in all the public services eg healthcare and education. This cause closure to public schools or hospitals as they cannot meet the threshold population, consequently, reduce the accessibility to public services Unsuccessful businesses Less innovation Gov services eg school doesn’t have enough ppl to meet threshold population Shortage of workers lead to lower optimum productivity, which limits Australia’s GDP. Also, resources are not able to be fully exploited eg outback is undeveloped and unused. Moreover, it is difficult to defend the 25000km coastline due to the lack of people in the defence force. To increase the workforce, the government encourages immigration of foreign workers by relaxing visa rules. However, this causes conflicts because many Australians do not want foreigners to interfere their work Rural urban migration occurs because people leaves the countryside for better opportunities in the cities eg Sydney. This causes more areas in outback to be left unused
Solutions	Pro-natalist population policy (↑birth rate) Assist families with living cost ↓ burden childcare costs Success? – Fertility rate still low. Women on average have 1.6 children, not enough to ↑ natural pop growth rate Give benefits to ppl with children Relax visa rules → more immigrants get citizenship Expand economy to persuade ppl move to work Attract age 25-35 – educated, have work experience, long time till retirement

Describe pop policy used to influence its pop growth rate (7)

Bangladesh has a population of 160 million, high population density of 1000ppl/km2 and growth rate of 1.2%. The population is growing rapidly because death rate is reduced to 6/1000 when birth rate remains high at 18/1000. To control the growth rate, the government introduced an anti-natal policy in 1975, which is a family planning that reduces birth rate. It includes educating ppl on the problems caused by rapid population growth eg limited resources of food and clean water. The minimum age of marriage was also increased to 18 years for women and 21 of men so women have a later marriage, which reduce children bearing over their lifetime. Moreover, there’s support for health workers who provide contraception service to increase ppl’s access to birth control and made it more affordable. Besides, there’s provision to improve women’s education so more women go to work and have a later marriage. Apart from that, small family size are encouraged through advertising campaign on TV and poster.