Migration

Migration – movement of ppl from one place to another

Immigration – ppl enter country to live/work

Emigration – ppl leave country to live/work

Net migration – immigration – emigration

Illegal immigrants – ppl who doesn’t have permission to travel into a country

Refugee – ppl who’s forced to leave their country (coz war / natural hazards)

Internal migration – migration within country	International migration – person who moves from one country to another
Rural-urban migration – movement of ppl from rural to urban areas Describe problems faced by migrants who have recently moved to urban areas in LEDCs. (5) Lack of employment Low pay Long working hours Can’t afford food / housing Traffic congestion – air pollution breathing problems Describe impacts of rural to urban migration on rural areas from which ppl have migrated. (5) Rural pop becomes lower Reduction of workforce Less food supply – starvation Child labour Separate from family Less innovation	Difficulties which international migrants may experience when settling in a new country Lack of qualifications to be employed Cannot speak the language High living cost Difficulty affording housing Racisms and discrimination may occur Hard to fit in due to difference in culture Live away from family – home sick Do dirty jobs Difficulties which international migrants may experience when settling in a new country Lack of qualifications to be employed Cannot speak the language High living cost Difficulty affording housing Racisms and discrimination may occur Hard to fit in due to difference in culture Live away from family – home sick Do dirty jobs Explain how economic factors cause international migration (4) More job opportunities Better wages Lower house prices, heathcare fee, education prices Lower taxes Lower living costs Describe +ve impact of international migration on destination countries Enlarge labour force, increase productivity Supply cheap labour working in low paid jobs More skilled labour eg doctors Multi-cultural society eg Chinese restaurant More tax paid to gov Bring new ideas and larger market for businesses, which develop economy and increases competition lowers price Explain how remittance money sent home by international migrants may benefit ppl in country from which they have migrated. (3) Support family – escape poverty, higher living standard Send children to school Improve water supply, housing, healthcare
	Voluntary – ppl choose to move	Involuntary – ppl forced to move
	Better job, wages, education, health care Peaceful & safe Family & friends already live there	Refugees Persecution – ppl attacked for what they believe eg religion

Describe pull factors of MEDC for migrants from LEDCs

Employment
High wage
Good quality of education, heathcare, housing, water supply
Bright lights
Adequate food supply
Family/friends live there
Political stability

Suggest possible impacts on Lithuania of a large amount of emigration

Loss of working population
Decline in economy
Hard to produce enough food
Family split up
Less pressure on services
Less taxes paid to gov
Less traffic congestion

Case study – international migration from Mexico to USA

6.5 million Mexicans migrated to USA illegally, which is 57% of illegal migrants

Push factor (leave Mexico)	Pull factor (Move to USA)
Min wage: $5/day 47% below poverty line Adult literacy rate: 55% 40% unemployed High crime rate Poor standard of living Lack of water coz hot climate & parched arid land	Min wage: $7/day 5% below poverty line Adult literacy rate: 99% Low crime rate Better standard of living Diverse economy → more job opportunities & greater range of goods/services
	Mexico	USA
+ve impacts	$13 billion/year in total send back to Mexico from family members working in USA as remittances, which is one of the most important source of income and helps economic growth in Mexico through multiplier effect when migrants return, they’re more skilled & can help develop Mexico economy	Benefit US economy by supplying need of cheap labour working in low paid jobs eg truck drivers Enlarge labour force Enriched Mexican culture with food, language & music & establish a multi-cultural society More tax paid to gov
-ve impacts	Migration of people reduces workforce in Mexico, which decline economic growth Many men migrate and leave women behind to raise children or children are grown with the absent of a father Young adults tend to migrate,leaving ageing communities behind Many illegal immigrants died when walking across Arizona Desert – hot & dry	Remittances is the lost from American economy Cause problems due to cultural & racial issues Illegal migration costs USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons Mexicans are seen as a drain on USA, tensions have risen because less job available for American working-class Migrant workers keep wages low which affects the wages of American citizens

For a named urban area, describe strategies used to reduce problems caused by rural to urban migration. (7)

Self-help schemes
Site & service schemes
Building of low cost housing
Road building
Investment in rural areas
Investment in education & healthcare
Creation of employment
Strategies to deal with traffic congestion

For a named country you have studied, explain why internal migration takes place from rural areas to rapidly growing urban areas. (7)

- Employment
- Food, water supply
- Education, healthcare
- Natural disasters