Industry

Define

Input	Things needed for production to take place Eg capital, land labour, raw materials, machinary
Processes	Things which are done to convert raw materials to products Eg packaging, assembling components, transporting
Output	Finished products which are produced Eg finished products, profit, waste materials
Raw materials	Materials used to produce a product
Manufacturing / processing industry	Where raw materials are turned into finished products
Assembly industry	An industry where components produced by different suppliers are put together
Market	Place where finished products are sold

Explain how factors are likely to influence location of industries. (4)

Land	Flat land – easy to build settlements Large areas of land – for expansion
Labour supply	Cheap / skilled Processes require workforce
Near uni	Skilled labour Provide labs for R&D
Near transport links	Reduce transport cost Esp bulky & perishable materials / goods For example Road / railways – transport raw materials / goods Ports – import / export goods Airport – business travel abroad
Near market	Reduce transport costs Esp bulky & perishable goods
Political factors	Gov incentive may attract industry to an area Eg reduce taxation / subsidies / investment in infrastructure Gov legislation on pollution / political stability eg war
Agglomeration	For econ of scale Share services to reduce costs & increase amount offered to potential customers

Suggest reasons to explain why factory is located near to its raw materials. (3)

• Several manufacturing industries are located close to their raw materials
• Reduce transport costs – less distance for transportation
• Raw materials are bulky / perishable – gets to factory while still fresh
• Finished products cheaper to transport than raw materials

Explain how cost of transport influences the location of different types of industry. (4)

• Industries aim to keep transport costs as low as possible
• If raw materials are bulky, factories located close to source
• If power supplies eg coal are heavy, factories located close to them eg mines
• If finished products are bulky, factories located close to market

Suggest reasons to explain why factory is located near to its raw materials. (3)

• Several manufacturing industries are located close to their raw materials
• Reduce transport costs – less distance for transportation
• Raw materials are bulky / perishable – gets to factory while still fresh
• Finished products cheaper to transport than raw materials

Explain how cost of transport influences the location of different types of industry. (4)

• • Industries aim to keep transport costs as low as possible
  • If raw materials are bulky, factories located close to source
  • If power supplies eg coal are heavy, factories located close to them eg mines
  • If finished products are bulky, factories located close to market

Explain why many large companies have located high tech industries in LEDCs. (5)

• Low labour, land, transport cost
• Limited trade union activity – workers work long hours
• Gove incentive – low taxation
• Lack of gov restrictions on pollution

What is meant by labour costs? (1)

• Payment for workers

Suggest reasons why labour costs are higher in some industries than others. (3)

• Some industries are less mechanised than others
• Some jobs have to be done by hand, cannot be done by machinery

Suggest how growth of high tech industry may benefit ppl & economy. (5)

• Create job opportunities, skilled gained
• High salaries – increase standard of living, personal spending eg housing
• Increase GNP
• More exports – more money earned through taxation
• Healthcare / education improved
• Infrastructural development

Explain why manufacturing industries remain important in some areas even though the original advantages of those locations no longer exist. (4)

• Geographical/industrial inertia
• Area has reputation
• There’s skilled labour force
• Cost of relocation may be expensive
• Gov policy

Explain how TNCs can bring both advantages & disadvantages to LEDCs. (5)

Adv	Dis
Employment ↑ standard of living Learn new skills Development of transport network or infrastructure Encourages econ growth Gov taxes	Low pay Profits not kept locally Pollution Traffic congestion Competition with local industry Can pull out at any time

Suggest ways in which factories may threaten local natural environment. (4)

• Air pollution – greenhouse gases
• Water pollution – acid rain pollutes water
• Deforestation – loss of habitats – loss of food sources – disrupt food chain – threat species extinction
• Industrial waste

Suggest reasons why some gov may not want to solve the problems. (5)

• Solutions are expensive
• Legislation too complex
• Gov more concerned about development than ppl
• Gov don’t want to risk industry moving out of country – reduce employment, trade

Suggest 3 ways in which environmental impacts of producing & transporting this manufactured product could be reduced. (3)

• Transport materials in bulk
• Produce raw materials close to factory
• Use less packaging
• Use renewable energy sources

Case study – Airbus factory

Basic info	Location: Toulouse, France Type of industry: Hi-tech industry Airbus A380 – double deck jet airliner manufactured by Airbus
Processes	Have over 400 suppliers Various parts are built all over Europe Wings (aluminum) – Broughton, north Wales Fuselage (titanium alloy) – Hamburg, Germany Horizontal stabilizer (aluminum alloy) – Madrid, Spain Final assembled in Toulouse, France
Output	12 A380 per year 20 A220 49 A330 1000 wings per year
Location	Near main roads eg A66 – connects to rest of France Near University of Toulouse – supply many skilled labours & provide labs for R&D Attractive areas to live eg Mediterranean coast – attract workers Gov research facilities eg British Aerospace – share technological expertise which support R&D of new tech Hi-tech firms group together & share services – reduce costs & increase amount offered to potential customers (agglomeration economies)
Adv	Over 100000ppl employed Develop skilled labour – Airbus offer trainings to increase skill level of labour force Airbus has strong reputation – attract investment from hi-tech industries to locate in region Airbus use local industries & suppliers – benefit local business