Development

Development – process of a country becoming more advance

Indicators of development

GNP per capita – total income of a country, including learning from abroad, per head of population

Literacy – % of ppl who can read & write

Life expectancy – average age of ppl in a country are expected to live

Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per capita and life expectancy. (5)

• ↑ GNP ↑ investment in health care

Better healthcare provided / more doctors, nurses

Education about preveting diseases from spreading

• Countries with high GNP

Ppl able to afford good diet → ↓ malnutrition

Ppl healthier → ↑productivity ↑output

• Low GNP countries → poor sanitation & water supply → die from water borne diseases

Human Development Index (HDI)

Explain why HDI is a useful indicator of development (3)

• It takes into account a variety of factors (GNI per capita, life expectancy & literacy rate)
• Easy to carry out comparisons between countries

Explain why there are inequalities in the levels of development between countries. (4)

• Variations in climate, relief or soil fertility
• Communications/accessibility/transport links
• Presence/absence of raw materials, water supply & ports
• Presence of TNCs
• Varying levels of education

Primary sector	Eg agriculture
Secondary sector	Eg construction
Tertiary sector	Eg education
Quaternary sector	Eg computing

Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between LEDCs and MEDCs (4)

• Better education in MEDCs
• Availability/exhaustion of natural resources
• More technology in MEDCs
• Demand for services
• Many people in LEDCs are farmers

Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country develops. (4)

• Movement of people to urban areas
• People become more educated
• Loss of farmland to urbanisation
• More or better pay, more reliable work in factories/services

Explain why many people in cities in LEDCs work in the informal sector.  (3)

• Lack of education
• Quick way to earn cash
• Can work for themselves from a very young age

Explain why employment structure changes as a country develops. (5)

• Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces need for workers
• Some primary industries close coz exhaustion of resources
• Growth of secondary sector as technology improves / globalisation
• Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Demand for services e.g. medical / growth of tourism

Explain why % of population employed in manufacturing industry changes as country develops. (5)

Increases	Reduces
Industrialisation occurs Low skill work in factories means many ppl are employed	Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces need for workers Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase Manufactured goods are imported coz cheaper to import than manufacture

Explain why quaternary industry has become important in countries where economic development is rapid. (4)

• Make large amounts of profit
• Provide info technology services to support other businesses
• Many ppl have skills to be employed in these industries
• Investment in R&D allows other businesses to improve
• Enables innovation to take place

Globalisation – Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected

Explain how the TNC shows evidence of globalisation. (3)

• Has links / factories in many countries
• Many Suppliers/raw materials in LEDCs
• Headquarters in MEDC

Explain why globalisation has occurred. (5)

• ↑ profit
• ↑ mobility of labour and capital due to advance in transportation
• Make trade cheaper and more efficient
• Improved technology eg communications → eg internet / transportation → ↑ efficiency
• Growth of TNCs ↓ national barriers eg European Union
• Cheaper labour and taxes in LEDCs

Describe the benefits and problems of the economic activity for local people.

Adv	Dis
Employment ↑ standard of living Improved service provision eg healthcare Development of transport network or infrastructure Learn new skills	Loss of farmland or culture ↑ traffic Pollutions eg visual, air, sound ↑ prices Litter

Suggest how the economic activity could damage the natural environment. (4)

• Atmospheric pollution from factory → greenhouse gases → global warming
• Water pollution
• Clearance of natural vegetation → loss of habitat → impact on ecosystem

Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised countries (NICs). (5)

• Low cost of land & labour
• Highly-skilled workers
• Good transport infrastructure → enables access to global market
• Lower taxes
• Less unions
• Lack of competition

Adv and Dis of tech

Adv	Dis
↑ efficient ↓ demand & cost of labour Few skills required	Loss of employment High costs of repairs Machines may break down

Case Study – Walmart

Basic info	Name of country: Canada Headquarter in USA Owns 8000+ shops in many different countries eg UK
+ve impacts	Provides job opportunities eg In Mexico, 150000ppl employed in Walmart Donate millions to improve standard of living of local ppl Businesses increase for local companies that supply to Walmart eg In Canada, 6000 Canadian suppliers creates US$10 billion of business every year
–ve impacts	Closure of small local firms coz they struggle to compete with low prices & range of products Walmart sells Evironmentally damaging factories to LEDCs eg China where there’re less strict environmental laws → pollution Some companies which supply Walmart have long working hours eg In Bangladesh, some workers work 80 hrs/week