located where pearl river meets sea in Guangdong province. river opens out into a vast inlet of sea forming a superb natural harbour — good for trade and industry as imports/exports can move freely. Shenzhen is leading container port, not far from Hong Kong. growth...
Visible and invisible imports and exports visible: actual goods that are sold to other nations, e.g. agricultural goods, extracted minerals, coal, oil and manufactured goods invisible: services that are sold to their nations. e.g. banking and financial services,...
Nature and problems of debt at the national scale national deficit occurs when governments annual spending exceeds income it generates through taxes and other means. national debt is accumulation of years deficits. problem for governments with debts is that interest...
UN world tourism organisation (UNWTO) is responsible for promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. membership includes 156 countries. Responsibilities… promoting tourism as a driver of economic growth ensuring environmental...
movement is mainly through the air in rock and debris falls. slides and flows move on the surface both down and out. more rapid are more dangerous. slide is distinguished from a flow by being a solid mass moving along a single failure plane or fracture zone. ...
largest landslip in Europe. physical causes: mountain composed of alternating permeable sandstones and impermeable shales which dip slightly towards valley. shales (finely bedded mudstones) can be crumbled easily so little strength. upper layer gets slippery...
April 2013, had landslides when 135million tonnes of rock and rubble moved into the open pit. slide was of solid bedrock that broke from upper half of slope with waste rock from mine that has been piled above, weight putting additional stress on slope. rock slid...
area suffered highest death toll from mass movements in recent times in December 1999 when 30,000 died in towns along Caribbean coast. actual number is unknown as many people swept out to sea. mass movements fuelled down steep valleys on the north side of the sierra...
Global distribution of areas most at risk from large scale tropical atmospheric disturbances and small-scale atmospheric disturbances hazardous tropical cyclones are very large low-pressure systems with wind speeds above 119km/h and deep low pressure (880mb),...
a tornado is a violent, rapidly rotating and fast moving, narrow, funnel shaped column of cloud that extends from base of a cumulonimbus cloud to the ground. the wind makes it most violent type of storm. stronger winds than cyclones, 500 km/h. have very low pressure...
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources resource: any part of environment that can be used to meet human needs. energy resource: something that can be used to provide people with heat light and power. Why do we need energy? UK 2010: transport 34%, domestic...
Case study: one country’s overall electricity energy strategy: Norway rich HIC in north Europe. annual total energy consumption is very high at 6.2 tons of oil equivalent per person, highest in world (EU average of 3.8 tonnes). high because it’s a rich country with...
Pollution of the land, air and water Pollution: introduction of substances (or light/noise) into the natural environment that cause adverse change and which damage the natural environment, introduced naturally or by humans. point source: occurs when pollutant is...
Erosional landforms Nature of eroded coastlines determined by two factors: direction, strength and frequency of waves and geology of coastline Cliffs: produced by coastal erosion. wave action undermines land leading to slumping/rock falls. produces a steep ‘edge’...
corals = tiny marine animals (polyps). reefs formed from millions of them living together in colonies. skeletons are calcium carbonate cups and they join to form a stony, hard mass of limestone. next one grows on top of the generation that just died, reef grows up...
Coastal features found on tidal mud flats in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Features: stilt roots — anchor plant in soft mud, slows wave movement and encourages more mud deposition; extending coastal area into sea and reducing erosion risk. conical breathing...
coastal management has 3 aims: protect coastline from erosion. protect coast from seawater flooding. conserving fragile ecosystems sustainable coastal management has to consider the 3 main aspects of sustainable development: environmental, economic and social...
Most from plate boundaries, hot spots and fault lines Some can be non-tectonic, caused by human activity putting too much stress on faults (e.g. reservoir construction) Plates try to move, get stuck and stress builds. They break free but causes pressure release...
Results from build-up of molten material emitted onto surface through fissure in crust. Active volcanoes: erupted in last 80 years Dormant volcanoes: inactive but may be active again Extinct volcanoes: will not erupt again Primary hazards: Gases water vapour...
DTM is a graph that shows changes in country’s BR, DR and total population. can be applied to any country. developed in 40’s and based on changes that occurred in HICs as they modernised, assumes LICs and MICs will follow the same path. Stage 1: BR and DR are high...
Food security widely seen as major concern for governments in their attempts to sustain their population. exists in a country when everyone has access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food enabling them to maintain healthy and active life. food available for pop...
Anti-natalist policies policy adopt for rapidly rising population, leading to overpopulation. occurs in stage 2 + 3. policies can include: education regarding family planning and contraception, proving free contraception, providing free sterilization, legalising...
migration: permanent (longer than 1 year) change of residence of an individual/group of individuals international migration: movement of people from one country to another for the minimum of one year emigrant: leaving a country immigrant: moving into country ...
• causes: poverty, low wages, hard/boring jobs, not enough jobs, poor amenities and services in rural area. economic development in rural improves healthcare and water supply which reduces death rate and increases population growth and population pressure results in...
Voluntary and forced movements • Main voluntary movements: students/workers moving for longer than a year but not entire life. globalisation, improved transport and info and reduced barriers have helped to increase numbers. female numbers increased and make up 50% of...
Problems of rural areas in LICs and MICs Socio-economic factors… unemployment and underemployment: often employment in agriculture is in informal sector and may only provide seasonal work. pop growth: leads to increased demand for food/services and shortage of...
increase in proportion of country’s population that lives in towns and cities. caused by high natural increase of population in cities but mainly rural-urban migration. linked to economic development and industrialization. causes severe economic and social problems....
Bid rent theory introduced in 1960’s by Alonso. theory based on three ideas: land would be occupied by land use that can afford the highest rent. land values would decrease from the city centre outwards. shops and offices can afford highest rents, followed by...
Waves Size depends on: wind speed, length of time wind blows in constant direction and length of fetch California: very big waves as come from Aleutian Islands, 4000m fetch so time for wave energy to build up. Mediterranean: very small waves as surrounded by...
Polar and sub-polar areas high latitude areas are mainly affected by freeze-thaw action. conditions may also occur on mountains in temperate areas. degree of activity depends on the no of freeze-thaw cycles not the degree of frost, so rate of W in cold areas is...
Freeze-thaw water goes into cracks, expands 10%, widens crack. stress from expansion is greater than rock resistance. repeats, results in disintegration and scree production. no. cycles rather than intensity of frost is the main feature. not active in winters with...
Hydrolysis when mineral is broken down by reaction with reaction. occurs in acid conditions. important in silicate minerals that form most rocks, especially the mineral feldspar. reaction includes carbonation. produces clay residue and various solutions which are...
Creep slow, downslope movement of unconsolidated material and soft rocks. plastic flow: clay rich material is liable. when a solid behaves like a liquid. will happen on saturated thick surface deposits on steeper slopes. can be affected by pressure from overlying...
How human activity can result in mass movement on slopes excavations: most common way human activity can result in mass movement is where ground is removed. (road/rail cuttings, to make level ground for a building). in areas prone to mass movements it can create a...
Birth rate: no. of live births per 1000 per year Death rate: no. of deaths per 100 per year Natural increase: change in pop size caused by diff between BR and DR. if BR > DR, pop grows. If DR > BR, pop declines. Net migration: balance between immigration...
Hydrological cycle (water cycle) is an example of a model. way water moves from sea, through air onto land and back into sea. driven by the suns heat and gravity. drainage basin is part of hydrological cycle, operates once rain has fallen onto a drainage basin....
= amount of water flowing down a river at any one time measured in cubic metres of water per second (cumecs) changes over time, depending on amount of precipitation, evapotranspiration and nature of drainage basin itself Factors affecting river discharge ...
river channel is the trend in which the river flows. it’s defined by the river bed and banks. water flows downhill through the river channel; the water has mass and velocity, so it has energy to be able to change the shape and nature of the channel. considerable...
Changing amount of precipitation entering the drainage basin Cloud seeding: adding artificial particles to clouds so large water droplets from around condensation nuclei and raindrops then fall silver iodide and dry ice used and led to local rainfall increases in...
Recurrence intervals and prediction flood risk analysis: environment agency is responsible for flood risk analysis and for issuing warnings. important as tells homeowners/tenants what risk a property faces. works out flood risk at a place by using ‘magnitude and...
atmosphere has an energy budget. receives energy from sun and earth (inputs) and loses energy to space (outputs). if it loses more energy than gains, atmosphere cools down. if gains more than loses, heats up. budget figures vary depending on who made it....
atmosphere is circulating around our planet and doesn’t stay still. causes of circulation due to air pressure difference which is due to energy given by sun to different latitudes tri-cell model: equator, sun shines directly and warms earth’s surface, warm air...
created an urban climate by building urban areas. result from extra heat sources released from industry, commercial and residential buildings, and vehicles concrete glass and tarmac. urban climates are hotter with less water vapour and lower humidity and less...
weathering is the decay/disintegration of rocks in situ. doesn’t transport materials away. eolith are weathered materials and the surface cover of loose unconsolidated materials. Factors influencing weathering climate: temp and rainfall have greatest effect. cold...