Polar and sub-polar areas high latitude areas are mainly affected by freeze-thaw action. conditions may also occur on mountains in temperate areas. degree of activity depends on the no of freeze-thaw cycles not the degree of frost, so rate of W in cold areas is...
Freeze-thaw water goes into cracks, expands 10%, widens crack. stress from expansion is greater than rock resistance. repeats, results in disintegration and scree production. no. cycles rather than intensity of frost is the main feature. not active in winters with...
Hydrolysis when mineral is broken down by reaction with reaction. occurs in acid conditions. important in silicate minerals that form most rocks, especially the mineral feldspar. reaction includes carbonation. produces clay residue and various solutions which are...
Creep slow, downslope movement of unconsolidated material and soft rocks. plastic flow: clay rich material is liable. when a solid behaves like a liquid. will happen on saturated thick surface deposits on steeper slopes. can be affected by pressure from overlying...
How human activity can result in mass movement on slopes excavations: most common way human activity can result in mass movement is where ground is removed. (road/rail cuttings, to make level ground for a building). in areas prone to mass movements it can create a...
Changing amount of precipitation entering the drainage basin Cloud seeding: adding artificial particles to clouds so large water droplets from around condensation nuclei and raindrops then fall silver iodide and dry ice used and led to local rainfall increases in...
Recurrence intervals and prediction flood risk analysis: environment agency is responsible for flood risk analysis and for issuing warnings. important as tells homeowners/tenants what risk a property faces. works out flood risk at a place by using ‘magnitude and...
atmosphere has an energy budget. receives energy from sun and earth (inputs) and loses energy to space (outputs). if it loses more energy than gains, atmosphere cools down. if gains more than loses, heats up. budget figures vary depending on who made it....
atmosphere is circulating around our planet and doesn’t stay still. causes of circulation due to air pressure difference which is due to energy given by sun to different latitudes tri-cell model: equator, sun shines directly and warms earth’s surface, warm air...
created an urban climate by building urban areas. result from extra heat sources released from industry, commercial and residential buildings, and vehicles concrete glass and tarmac. urban climates are hotter with less water vapour and lower humidity and less...
weathering is the decay/disintegration of rocks in situ. doesn’t transport materials away. eolith are weathered materials and the surface cover of loose unconsolidated materials. Factors influencing weathering climate: temp and rainfall have greatest effect. cold...
Hydrological cycle (water cycle) is an example of a model. way water moves from sea, through air onto land and back into sea. driven by the suns heat and gravity. drainage basin is part of hydrological cycle, operates once rain has fallen onto a drainage basin....
= amount of water flowing down a river at any one time measured in cubic metres of water per second (cumecs) changes over time, depending on amount of precipitation, evapotranspiration and nature of drainage basin itself Factors affecting river discharge ...
river channel is the trend in which the river flows. it’s defined by the river bed and banks. water flows downhill through the river channel; the water has mass and velocity, so it has energy to be able to change the shape and nature of the channel. considerable...