CHAPTER 26: Benzene and Its Compounds
- Introduction to Aromatic Compounds
- Reactions of Benzene and Alkylbenzene
- Introduction to Phenols
- Reactions of Phenols
Learning outcomes:
- describe the chemistry of arenes as exemplified by the following reactions of benzene and methylbenzene:
- substitution reactions with chlorine and with bromine
- nitration
- complete oxidation of the side-chain to give a benzoic acid
- hydrogenation of the benzene ring to form a cyclohexane ring
- (i) describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in arenes, as exemplified by the formation of nitrobenzene and bromobenzene
(ii) suggest the mechanism of other electrophilic substitution reactions, given data
(iii) describe the effect of the delocalisation of electrons in arenes in such reactions - predict whether halogenation will occur in the side-chain or aromatic nucleus in arenes depending on reaction conditions
- apply the knowledge of positions of substitution in the electrophilic substitution of arenes
- recall the chemistry of phenol, as exemplified by the following reactions:
- with bases
- with sodium
- with diazonium salts
- nitration of, and bromination of, the aromatic ring
- describe and explain the relative acidities of water, phenol and ethanol
- deduce the presence of a CH3CH(OH)– group in an alcohol from its reaction with alkaline aqueous iodine to form tri-iodomethane.
- describe the reaction of CH3CO– compounds with alkaline aqueous iodine to give tri-iodomethane.