I). Covalent Bonds: The bond formed between atoms that share electrons is called a covalent bond. After bonding, each electron attains the electronic configuration of a noble gas, or attains stability. This bond is formed between a non-metal and a non-metal. ...
II). Metallic Bonding: Metal atoms are held strongly to each other by metallic bonding. In the metal lattice, the atoms lose their valence electrons and become positively charged. The valence electrons no longer belong to any metal atom and are said to be...
Chap 7: Ionic Bonding Dear students, from here the tricky part of chemistry starts. So as not to confuse you, I have divided the chapter of ‘bonding’ into two parts: ionic bonding, and covalent and metallic bonding. This lecture deals only with ionic bonding. ...
Chap 6: The Periodic Table of Elements The Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements in order of their increasing proton (atomic) number. Groups: The vertical columns of elements in the Periodic Table are called groups. There are eight groups in the...
III). Changes in State: Solid to Liquid: Melting Liquid to Solid: Freezing Liquid to Gas: Evaporation or Boiling Gas to Liquid: Condensation Solid to Gas: Sublimation Gas to Solid: Solidification Melting and boiling points are important in...
IV). Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. As it involves a movement of particles, it is only possible in liquids and gases. Gases diffuse faster than liquids as they are generally...
Element: An element is a substance that cannot be split into two or more simpler substances by chemical means or by electricity. Elements can be classified into metals and non-metals. Metals Non-metals Shiny appearance (lustrous) Dull appearance...
Chap 5: Atomic Structure Dear students, this lecture is about the atom and its structure. Understanding this structure in chemistry is essential to further understand things such as chemical properties, bonding, etc. The atom consists of a ‘nucleus’, and...
II). Kinetic Particle Theory: The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles, and that these particles are in constant, random motion. However, the movement of these particles varies according to the state of matter. The Solid...