Notes

11. Coordination and response

11.1 The Nervous System. 1 .The nervous system of a mammal consists: The central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and the spinal cord. Te peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and sense organs. 2 . A neurone is a nerve...

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Homeostasis

10.1 Homeostasis. 1 . Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. 2 . For any homeostatic control to occur there must be: a stimulus which is a change in the internal environment, a receptor which can detect the stimulus, an automatic or...

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9. Excretion

9.1 Excretion. 1 . Excretion is the process by which waste products and toxic materials are removed from the body of an organism. 2 . Excretory organs: Kidneys; Lungs; Liver. 3 . The urinary system in man: Fig.9.1 The urinary system in man.   Fig.9.2 The...

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8. Respiration

8.1 Respiration. 1 . Respiration is the process of breaking down food to release energy in the presence of oxygen. 2 . There are two types of respiration: 1) Aerobic respiration. 2) Anaerobic respiration. 3 . Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down food in...

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7. Transport in humans

7.1 The Heart. Fig.7.1 The structure of the heart. The thickest part of the cardiac muscle indicates that it is the left part of the heart. 1 . Functions of valves: To allow the blood to flow in one direction only. To prevent the backflow of blood. 2 . The Double...

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5. Animal nutrition

5.1 Food 1 . There are 7 types of food: Carbohydrates. Fats. Proteins. Minerals. Vitamins. Fibre or roughage . Water. 2 . Carbohydrates can be divided into two: Starch (To test for starch, use iodine solution, the colour will change from orange to blue-black if starch...

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6. Transport in plants

6.1 Water and ion uptake. 1 . Ion is taken up into the plants by: Osmosis. Active transport. 2 . Water is taken up into the plants by: Root pressure. Transpiration pull 6.2 Transpiration and translocation. 1 . Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from...

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4. Plant Nutrition

4.1 Photosynthesis 1 . Photosynthesis: It is the process of making food by using carbon dioxide, water, with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll by green plants. 2 . Photosynthesis required: Carbon dioxide(CO2), Water, Chlorophyll, Sunlight   Word Equation for...

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3. Enzymes

3.1 What are enzymes? 1 . Enzymes: They are biological catalysts made of protein. They alter the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end of the reaction. Catalysts are substances that can change the speed of a chemical...

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2. Diffusion and osmosis

2.1 Diffusion 1 . Diffusion: The movement of particles form an area of higher concentration to another area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Fig. 2.1 Representation of diffusion   2.2 Osmosis 2 . Osmosis: The movement of water molecules from...

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Cell structure and organisation

1.1  Plant Cells and Animal Cells: Fig.1.0 Basic structures of an animal cell and a plant cell. 1 . Cell wall: Porous. Permeable. Non-living structure made of cellulose. 2 . Cell membrane/Plasma membrane Semi-permeable/Partially permeable(Only certain parts can pass...

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13. The Use and Abuse of Drugs

INTRODUCTION 1 . Drug: Any externally administered substance that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body 2 . Drugs can be grouped as follows: I. Sedatives (Depressants): Slow down the brain and make you feel sleepy; Include tranquilizers and sleeping...

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Support, Movement and Locomotion

12.1 Bones 1. Humerus: A long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow; Connects the scapula and the lower arm bones; the radius and ulna. 2. Radius: The bone of the forearm that extends from the side of the elbow to the thumb side of the...

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