AO1 CBT identify IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS and CHALLENGE them through an ARGUMENT or DISCUSSION in 5 to 20 sessions this helps the patient make sense of their THOUGHTS and SYMPTOMS and showing them that their symptoms are UNLIKEY to be TRUE LOWERS ANXIETY but doesn’t...
AO1 DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL – ORIGINAL DIATHESIS = VULNERABILITY / STRESS = NEGATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE MEEHEL’S MODEL: ENTIRELY GENETIC through a SINGLE ‘SCHIZOGENE’ = a SCHIZOTYPIC PERSONALITY which has the characteristic that it is SENSITIVE to STRESS WITHOUT...
AO1 TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS CHLORPROMAZINE = taken as TABLETS, SYRUP or INJECTION – most dosages go up to 400mg to 800mg STRONG ASSOCIATION between CHLORPROMAZINE and the DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS They work as ANTAGONISTS which BLOCK DOPAMINE RECEPTORS in the SYNAPSES of the...
Schizophrenia is characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion, which affects a person’s language, thought, perception and sense of self. Schneider (1959) identified the first rank symptoms of Schizophrenia. These are now called Type 1 symptoms and...
When diagnosing a mental disorder, there is no objective laboratory test. It is subjective interpretation by the psychiatrist. The classifications system used by the psychiatrists is only useful if they agree consistently about a particular diagnosis. An ideal...
There are more than two biological explanations but you only need to know two in great detail. However, acknowledge that others exist (such as viral infections and the neuroanatomical explanation) as you can use them for comparison/evaluation. Neurochemical: The...
Antipsychotic Drugs – you need to know this one well! There are two types – traditional antipsychotic drugs and modern antipsychotic drugs. Traditional Antipsychotic Drugs: Based on the medical model – biochemical theory i.e. dopamine hypothesis. The first drugs,...
There are more than two psychological explanations but you only need to know two in great detail. However, acknowledge that others exist (such as family relations and the cognitive explanation) as you can use them for comparison/evaluation. Psychodynamic Schizophrenia...
Psychoanalysis This is the psychodynamic treatment for schizophrenia and it was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that a person could be cured through talking about their unconscious thoughts and motivations (making them conscious thoughts). Psychoanalysis...
ICD Diagnosis Symptoms should be present for most of the time lasting for at least one month at some time during most days: (1) At least one of the following must be present: (a) thought echo, thought insertion or withdrawal, or thought broadcasting; (b) Delusions of...
Issues of reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of a measuring instrument, such as a questionnaire or scale, to assess, for example the severity of their schizophrenic symptoms. They can be measured in terms of whether two independent assessors give...
Genetic factors Family studies They find individuals who have schizophrenia (S) and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. They have established that S is more common among biological relatives of...
Psychological theories Cognitive Acknowledges the role of biological factors in causing the initial sensory experiences of S, but further features appear as the individual attempts to understand these experiences. When they first experience voices and other worrying...
Antipsychotic medication Treat forms of psychotic illness. They help the person with the disorder to function as well as possible in their life and, as well as increasing their feelings of subjective wellbeing. Conventional antipsychotic drugs Reduce the effects of...
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) The basic assumption is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour. Delusions are thought to result from faulty interpretations of events, and cognitive therapy is used to help the patient identify and...
AO1 CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SCHZOPHRENIA: a PSYCHOTIC DISORDER involving a BREAK in REALITY which involves a disruption of COGNITION and EMOTION, which affects LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, PERCEPTION and SENSE OF SELF 2 MANUALS : ICD 10 AND THE DSM5 DSM-5: ONE of the...
AO1 THE GENETIC BASIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SCHIZOPHRENIA RUNS IN THE FAMILY: GREATER GENETIC SIMILARITY between FAMILY MEMBERS associates with the LIKELIHOOD of BOTH DEVELOPING SCHIZOPHRENIA – 100% GENES with MONOYGOTIC and 50% SIBLING à GOTTESMAN: shows the link through...
AO1 FAMILY DYSFUNCTION THE SCHIZOPHRENIC MOTHER à FROMM-REICHMANN: based on the ACCOUNTS she heard from her PATIENTS about their CHILDHOODS, noted that many spoke of a particular parent – SCHIZOPHRENIC MOTHER or ‘SCHROPHRANIA-CAUSING’ is COLD, REJECTING and...