Level 0- Egocentric- Incapable of seeing things from someone else’s perspective. Believe that everyone has the same opinion as them. Level 1- Subjective- Realise that other people may have a different opinion but not understood. Level 2- Reciprocal- Understand that...
Social cognition may be damaged when the brain is damaged: └->Anosognosia- Person is unaware of their mental impairment. Frontal lobe damage can cause change in personality. The Mirror Neuron System Mirror neurones are fired when an action is completed and the same...
AO1 PIAGET children of the SAME AGE got answers WRONG in the SAME WAY observed HIS children at HOME and with FRIENDS as to how they SOLVED PROBLEMS in their NATURAL SETTINGS and asked their REASONING all CHILDREN are SCIENTISTS who began to EXPLORE the WORLD as soon...
AO1 VYGOTSKY saw COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT as a SOCIAL PROCESS of learning from MORE EXPERIENCED OTHERS first knowledge is INTERMENTAL between the TWO INDIVIDUALS and INTRAMENTAL within the mind of the less expert CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITVE ABILITIES if REASONING...
AO1 EARLY RESEARCH ON KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD PIAGET: BABIES at 8-9 months have a VERY SMALL UNDERSTANDING of the nature of the physical world – e.g. NOT AWARW objects CONTINUE TO EXIST when not in a PHYSICAL FIELD (OBJECT PERMANENCE) BUT BAILARGEON: YOUNGER...
AO1 PIAGET: DOMAIN-GENERAL COGNITVE DEVELOPMENT – believed PHYSICAL and SOCIAL PERSEPECTIVE-TAKING would occur HAND-IN-HAND SELMAN: DEVELOPMENT of SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE-TAKING is a SEPARATE PROCESS PERSPECTIVE-TAKING RESEARCH CHANGES that occur with AGE in the CHILDREN’S...
AO1 the ability that each of us has to ‘MIND-READ’ or to have a PERSONAL THEORY of what other people KNOW or THINKING or FEELING occurs around THREE YRS OLD when they start PRETEND PLAY when one object can be used to SYMBOLISE ANOTHER e.g. horse as a broom INTENTIONAL...
AO1 THE DISCOVERY OF MIRROR NEURONS RIZZOLATTI: was studying ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY in a MONKEY’S MOTOR CORTEX when a RESEARCHER reached for his LUNCH in front of the monkey and the MONKEY’S MOTOR CORTEX became ACTIVITATED in the SAME WAY that it did when the monkey...
Piaget The idea that we are born with basic skills to allow for cognitive development that grow as we become older. He believed that the child underwent two processes: Accommodation- When a schema is altered in order to fit in new information i.e. learning that birds...
Piaget Education Application Useful to know what stage of cognitive development a child is in so that tasks appropriate to learning are set and stage specific instructions are given. └->only the material that a child is ready to learn is taught. Burns & Silbey-...
Moral understanding is identified by presenting a child with a moral dilemma and asking them what they would do in that situation. Kohlberg’s Stage Theory: Level 1- Own needs need to be met Stage 1- Punishment and Obedience orientation-> Based on punishment, if...
9-12 Months- Relationship between actions and reactions and what effect they have. 15-18 Months- Begins to recognise that it is physically different to others, recognise themselves. 2-6 Years- Realise that they are in full control of their physically and cognitive...