Rusbult’s model sees factors of satisfaction level, quality of alternatives and investment as determining relationship commitment
Rusbult’s theory attempts to identify the determinants of relationship commitment and is comprised of three factors positively linked with commitment: satisfaction level, the comparison with alternatives and size of investment.
- Satisfaction Level refers to the positive v. negative effect experienced in a relationship. Satisfaction is influenced by the degree to which a partner meets an individuals needs, for example the extent to which a partner meets one’s emotional and sexual needs.
- Comparison with alternatives refers to the perceived desirability of the best alternative to the current relationship and is based upon the extent to which an individuals needs could be met within that alternative relationship, for example the extent to which a potential alternative partner could meet ones emotional and sexual needs. If such needs could be better met elsewhere then the quality of alternatives is high. If such needs are best met within the current relationship, then commitment is stronger.
- Investment size refers to the amount and importance of the resources associated with a relationship and such resources would decline in value or be lost if the relationship was to end. Partners invest directly into relationships, such as the time and effort put into the relationship, as well as indirect investments, such as shared friends, children and co-owned material possessions. After investments have occurred, commitment is heightened as ending a relationship would then become more costly.
There are also two variables linked to commitment:
- Equity is the degree of ‘fairness’ within a relationship. Inequity (perceived unfairness) leads to distress and lack of satisfaction with a relationship and thus less commitment to it. Such distress can be relieved by ending the relationship.
- Social support is the degree of care and assistance available from others, such as from family and friends. If such others approve of a relationship it produces a positive influence that increases commitment to the relationship.
Research
Van Lange et al (1997) found support for all factors of the modeling Taiwanese participants and this was coupled with similar results found by Lin & Rusbult (1995) with Dutch participants, which suggests the model has cross-cultural validity.
Lin & Rusbult (1995) found that although findings were inconsistent, females generally reported higher satisfaction levels, poorer scores for quality of alternatives, greater investments and stronger overall commitment. This suggests gender differences may exist, with females demonstrating greater dependence and stronger commitment than males.
Evaluation
Research indicates that Rusbult’s model with its focus on commitment and what individuals have invested is a better predicator of long term maintenance in relationships than equity theory.
The investment model is able to explain infidelity as such behavior occurs when there is low satisfaction with a current relationship and high satisfaction with an alternative relationship, with both theses factors serving to erode commitment.
Research that supports the investment model is highly reliant on self-report measures which may be subject to socially desirable and idealized answers as well as researcher bias casting some doubts on the validity of the results.