AO1
CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
- SCHZOPHRENIA: a PSYCHOTIC DISORDER involving a BREAK in REALITY which involves a disruption of COGNITION and EMOTION, which affects LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, PERCEPTION and SENSE OF SELF
- 2 MANUALS : ICD 10 AND THE DSM5
- DSM-5: ONE of the POSITIVE features (delusions or hallucination or speech disorganisation)
- ICD-10: TWO or MORE NEGATIVE FEATURES and recognises SUBTYPES of SCHZOPHRENIA e.g. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA = powerful DELUSIONS and HALLUCINATIONS but few other + HEBEATRNIC SCHIZOPHRENIA = DISTURBANCE of MOVEMENT, leaving the sufferer IMMOBILE or OVERACTIVE
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
- HALLUCINATIONS: they SEE, HEAR, TASTE or EVEN FEEL something that ISN’T REALLY THERE – HEARING VOICES or imagining PEOPLE/ANIMALS/DISTORDED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
- DELUSIONS: IRRATIONAL BELIEFS e.g. being an important figure – beliefs that have NO BASIS in reality and ACT in a way that makes SENSE TO THEM
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
- AVOLITION: finding it DIFFICULT to perform ACTIVITIES that are GOAL-ORIENTED e.g. poor hygiene, lack of energy and inconsistency in work/education
- SPEECH POVERTY: REDUCTION in the AMOUNT and QUALITY OF SPEECH e.g. slurred speech or a delay in the sufferer’s verbal responses during a conversation
AO3
- RELIABILITY: (CONSISTENCY) INTER-RATER RELIABLITY: the extent to which DIFFERENT ASSESSORS/TWO or MORE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AGREE on the ASSESSMENTS/SAME DIAGNOSIS (DIAGNOSTIC RELIABILTY) – CHENIAUX ET AL: 2 psychiatrists INDEPENDENTLY diagnose 100 patients using the DSM + ICD = POOR INTER-RATER RELIABILITY (1ST – 26 w/ DSM + 44 w/ ICD AND the other – 13 w/ DSM + 24 w/ ICD)
- VALIDITY: the extent to which we are MEASURING what we WANT to measure – the number of VALIDITY ISSUES à measured through the CRITERION VALIDITY; do different ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS arrive at the SAME DIAGNOSIS – CHENIAUX ET AL: MORE likely to be diagnosed with ICD – either an OVER-DIAGNOSES with ICD or UNDER with the DSM = LOW VALIDITY + NOT STANDARDISED
- SYMPTOM OVERLAP: SCHIZOPHRENIA + BIPOLAR DISORDER involve POSITIVE SYMPTOMS like DELUSIONS and NEGATIVES like AVOLITION – questions the VALIDITY – under the ICD, the patients may be diagnosed as a SCHIZOHRENIC but under the DSM may be diagnosed with BIPOLAR DISORDER
- CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: LUHRMAN ET AL: interviewed 60 adults diagnosed with SCHIZPHRENIA, 20 in GANA, INDIA AND THE US – each were asked about the VOICES they heard. A person who claimed that he was HOD ON EARTH would be considered DELUSIONAL in WESTERN SOCIETY but in INDIA is a spirit medium who is the HUMAN INCARNATION of a HINDU GOD