- Fall of Russian empire after World War I in Russian revolution demonstrated political power of masses, raising hope of Arab and Indian nationalists. World War II saw similar precedent after Japanese Empire fell. Indian Congress Movement, already well-established before First World, grew in post-war years due to unsatisfactory Government of India Act 1919. Peaceful protests under leadership of Gandhi included boycotting elections in 1920s.
- Jawaharlal Nehru, lawyer who become ally and friend to Gandhi, had different views to Gandhi. Sought modernisation and industrialisation whereas Gandhi an agricultural, rural-based society. Nehru diverge from Gandhi over support for British during World War II. Gandhi’s view ultimately far from accepted by Indian nationalist. Untouchables leader criticised Gandhi’s refusal to reject caste system completely, even though Gandhi called for equality within.
- Nehru’s rival for leadership of Congress Party in 1930s, Subhas Chandra Bose, wanted INC to adopt more militant line. In 1939, allied himself with Britain’s enemies, Germany and Japan and in 1943, formed Indian National Army.
- All India Muslim League arose in 1906, working in co-operation with Congress in nationalist struggle. Under Muhammed Ali Jinnah’s leadership, it grew more vociferous in representation of India’s Muslim minority. Disagreed with Gandhi’s tactics and campaigned for establishment of safeguards for Indian Muslims. In 1930, Dr Muhammad Iqbal as a solution suggested state of Pakistan: Punjab, North-West Frontiers Province, Sind and Baluchistan.
Ultimately, Indian nationalism was effective though very divided.