- Sublimation: Solid to Gas and Deposition: Solid to Gas
Global Hydrological Cycle: Closed, global system- Water is continuously cycled between different stores
STORES:
| Store: | Time | Scale- Of the earths 3% fresh water |
| Soil Water | 1-2 months | |
| Clouds | Atmopshere: 0.04% stored as water vapor | |
| River | 4-6 months | Hydrosphere: 0.3% is liquid fresh water on the earths surface |
| Lake | 50-100 years | |
| Glaciers | 20-100 years | Cryosphere: 69% in frozen |
| Groundwater Shallow | 100-200 years | Lithosphere: 30% stored underground in the as groundwater |
| Groundwater Deep | 10,000 years |
FLOWS:
- Evaporation:
- Water gains energy usually from solar radiation= increases amount of water in atmosphere.
- Lots of solar radiation, a large supply of water and warm dry air = evaporation will be high.
- Condensation:
- Water loses energy to its surroundings- happens when water vapour reaches its dew point.
- Condensation decreases the amount of water in the atmosphere.
- Cloud Formation and Precipitation:
- Warm air cools, water vapour condenses into water droplets which gather as clouds. When the droplets big enough they fall as precipitation. For clouds to form there have to be tiny particles (dust or soot) to act as cloud condensation nuclei = surface to condense on.
- Factors leading to Precipitation:
- Frontal precipitation: Warm air is less dense than cool air. As a result, when warm air meets cool air, the warm air is forced above the cool air. It cools down as it rises
- Orographic precipitation: Topography – when warm air meets mountains, its forced to rise, causing it to cool
- Convective precipitation – when the sun heats up the ground, moisture on the ground evaporates and rises up in a column of warm air. As it gets higher the air cools.
- Variations: Can vary seasonally (in the UK there’s normally more rainfall in the winter than in summer) and by location (precipitation is generally higher in the tropics than the poles)
- Cryosphere Processes:
- Accumulation and ablation
- Extensive stores of ice in the world: Antarctica and Greenland
Keywords:
- Decomposition: Break down of substances by microorganisms – releases CO2 and fast cc
- Weathering: break down/wearing away of sediment due to weather e.g biological weathering
- Carbon Sequestration: capture and storage of carbon e.g ocean plates and sedimentary rock