- Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites which are transmitted by mosquitoes. Mostly occurs in tropical climates e.g. sub-Saharan Africa. More than 200 million cases worldwide (2015) with 90% in Africa.
Physical
- Mosquitoes can only thrive in warm countries (between 16oC and 32oC).
- Higher temperatures decrease time taken for parasite to develop inside mosquito. They also breed and feed in warmer temperatures – increase likelihood of infection.
- Breed in still bodies of water. Longer rainy seasons mean more puddles and wetlands providing breeding habitats.
- Altitudes 1500 metres above sea level cannot sustain any Malaria transmission.
Socio-Economic
- Limited education about prevention methods and hygiene. Mosquito net ownership was less likely when head of household did not have a primary education.
- Low income limits buying means of protection/treatment.
- Rural areas are distanced from clinics and can’t access treatment.
- Poor quality housing constructed of organic matter and poorly fitted windows/doors leave inhabitants vulnerable.
- Overcrowding spreads disease faster, many infected in one spout.
- Occupations like agricultural workers are more at risk.
Impacts
- Symptoms include: fever, chills, nausea, headaches. Can result in organ failure, respiratory problems, coma and death.
- Malaria results in loss of income from inability to work and financial cost of treatment (costs Africa US$12 billion each year).
- Children experience lengthy absences from school affecting education and future job prospects. Can inhibit child’s development.
- Decreases tourism.
- Hinders countries development due to preoccupation with treatment and loss of productivity in work force.
Management/Mitigation
- WHO aimed by 2030 to reduce global Malaria incidence and mortality rates by 90% and eliminate Malaria in 35 countries, prevent malaria returning to Malaria-free countries.
- Spray inside walls of buildings with insecticide CBA – expensive and needs repeating, chemicals could pose health risk, mosquitos could evolve to be resistant.
- Provide insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
- Mosquito coils burnt CBA – pollutants are judged to be a health risk themselves.
- Provision of anti-malarial drugs/vaccines to vulnerable groups such as pregnant women CBA, rural areas would see little change.