Cambridge is emerging as one of the UK’s main hubs for hi-tech industry ○ Location: ■ City lies 80 km north of London ■ Close to the M11 ■ Located in one of UK’s growth corridors ● Hi-tech industry began in Cambridge with the Cambridge Science Park ○ Opened in 1970 by...
Rural area = an area with a population of less than 10,000 people , with areas of land that haven't been developed on (eg/ countryside) ○ 19% of UK population still live in rural areas ● Population of rural areas are growing due to counter-urbanisation ○ Counter...
De-industrialisation = the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industries ● Due to: ○ Exhaustion of materials ○ Loss of markets ○ Competition from NEEs ■ They promote cheaper labour/land ● UK industry traditionally based on: ○ Coal mining ■ Number of coal...
Post-industrial economy = economy of many economically developed countries , where manufacturing industries have been replaced by tertiary/quaternary industries ○ Tertiary sector = involves selling of services and skills ■ eg/ teachers, doctors, bus drivers ● UK’s...
Reasons for aid in Nigeria: ● Nigeria is not a rich or equal country ○ Oil exports provide £30.9 billion of government money ○ Only £183 per year , per person → very low income ● Nigeria is Africa’s most populated country ( 170 million people) ○ Wealth distribution: ■...
Transnational corporations = companies that are located in/produce and sell products in more than one country ○ eg/ Sony → makes electronic products in China and Japan ● TNC factories are located in poorer countries , where labour is cheaper ○ Due to fewer...
Nigeria’s changing political and trading relationships: ● In the past → Nigeria traded heavily with UK due to colonial links (British Empire ruled over Nigeria until 1960 - Nigeria gained independence) ○ Nigeria exported primary products to UK ○ UK exported...
Nigeria is located 5 - 12° north of the equator (tropical Africa) ○ Climate is dry - determines type of vegetation in each area ■ Hot, humid climate of South Nigeria → tropical rainforests ■ Hot, dry climate of North Nigeria → savanna grassland ● Natural vegetation...
Social and cultural context: ● Modern-day Nigeria formed in 20th century under British rule ○ Before this, Nigeria was made up of many smaller tribal kingdoms ● Gained independence from Britain in 1960 ● Has more than 500 ethnic groups with different languages ○ Three...
Nigeria’s growing economy: ● BRIC economies = world’s fastest growing economies ○ Brazil, Russia, India, China ● MINT economies = countries following in the footsteps of the BRICs ○ Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey ● Nigeria is one of the fastest growing economies...
Before 1970s → Tunisia was classified as an LIC ○ Agriculture made up most of its economy ● Government reforms helped the country to diversify and grow ○ Development strategy was introduced → promoted tourism along with manufacturing industries ● Location of Tunisia:...
Location: ● Northern hemisphere ● Situated directly above equator ● West Coast of Africa ● Bordered by: ○ Coast of Gulf of Guinea ○ Atlantic Ocean ○ Niger [north] ○ Cameroon [southeast] ○ Benin [west] ○ Chad [northeast] ● Capital = Abuja (used to be Lagos) Population:...
Reasons for trade: ○ To generate wealth needed for economic development ■ Countries cannot meet all their own needs ● Lack of resources ● Unsuitable climate ● Country’s strengths allow it to trade with other countries ○ Gathers income needed for economic development ●...
International aid = a gift of money/goods/services to a developing country ○ Gift does not need to be repaid , unlike a loan ○ Donor may be a country, or group of countries like the EU, or individuals ○ Is targeted at specific long-term development goals for people in...
Borrowing: ● Many developing countries have suffered debt crisis → began in 1982 ● During 1960 and 1980 → HICs loaned NEEs/LICs large amounts of money to develop their countries ○ eg/ Mexico could not repay the US$80 billion it had borrowed ■ World Bank and...
LICs become dependent on HICs and some NEEs for aid ● Many LICs have to borrow money from World Bank → heavily in debt ○ Need to pay for hospitals/health care ● eg/ Ebola outbreak ○ 2014 - 2015 ○ > 11000 people died ○ Hospitals deteriorated ■ Many problems...
The demographic transition model [DTM]: ● Demographic transition model = generalised model linking population changes with development changes overtime ○ Demographic = the study of population structure ○ Transition = change ○ Model = used to represent the real world...
Historic factors: ● Colonialism ○ Colonisation = when a country is ruled by a foreign country ○ Colonialism has harmed many countries/created conflict ○ 1700s/1800s → most of “global south” was colonised by European nations ■ eg/ Britain, France and Spain ○ Aim was to...
Reliability of economic development data: ● Individual indicators can be misleading ○ Some aspects develop before others ○ A country might seem more developed than it actually is ● Extreme values or outliers can affect the average income for a person ● People might...
Importance of transport in London: ● Has a well integrated transport system ○ 2014 → 75 million passengers weekly ■ 25 million on the underground ■ 50 million on buses ● Struggling to cope with increase in passenger numbers ● More people are using public transport ○...
Development = progress of a country in terms of economic growth, use of technology and human welfare ; the aim is to improve people’s quality of life ● Is shown by the average wealth of the citizens using gross national income, GNI ○ Total value of all goods/services...
Introduction: ● Stratford was known as “Stinky Stratford” because of its noxious industries and slaughterhouses ○ Has been in need of investment ever since nearby docks closed in 1970s ○ Unemployment reached 20% after closure of the docks (similar to Great Depression...
Cultural mix: ● Multiculturalism/cultural mix = a place that has more than one culture, living together in close proximity ○ Ethnic diversity from repeated migrations has brought a range of cultural experiences to the city ○ London is one of the most diverse places ,...
Urban decline and deprivation: ● Despite large wealth found in parts of London, many areas suffer from urban deprivation and decline ○ Urban decline = deterioration of the inner city ■ Caused by lack of investment and maintenance ● Leads to: ○ Decline in population...
Examples of urban planning: The Makoko floating school ● Sustainable ● Solar energy → clean and cheap ○ Is used instead of electricity grid ● Resourceful → use of wood and practical/local materials ● Collect and stores rainwater ● Natural ventilation ● Green area and...
Location and population of London: ● Located in the Northern hemisphere in the UK ○ Is in southern England , on the River Thames ● Population of 7, 556, 900 → 12.5% of the UK population ○ Living on just 0.6% of the land area ● Has an area of 616 square miles ● Reached...
Urbanisation = growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas ● Rapid urbanisation → feature in many LICs and NEEs ● Takes place in countries all over the world ● 50%+ of the world’s population currently live in urban areas (3.9 billion...
Rural to urban migration → Rural-urban migration = movement of people from the countryside to the cities ● Rate of rural-urban migration depends on: ○ Push factors = things that encourage people to leave an area ○ Pull factors = things that encourage people to move...
Introduction: Location: ● Located in the northern hemisphere ● In the continent of Africa ● Largest city in Nigeria ● Situated on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean ● Lies directly above the equator Key facts: ● Population: 21 million ○ Megacity ●...
Lagos’ expansion took off during oil boom in Nigeria in the 1970s ○ Drew 1000s of people into the city for work ○ City continued to grow despite fall in living standards during 1980s and 1990s ● Over past 50 years there has been a massive increase in rural-urban...
Social opportunities: ● Lagos has better access to services/resources compared to rural Nigeria ○ Education ■ More schools/universities in Lagos than outside the city ■ If educated → more likely to find a job in one of Lagos’ growing industries ● eg/ finance, film,...
Key facts: ● Located in East London ● Bogs and ponds in forest have their own unique species ○ eg/ 20 kinds of dragonfly ● For 1000 years, Epping Forest has been managed in a variety of ways ○ Hunting grounds for royalty ○ A timber resource ○ Recreation → it is easily...
Human Causes of Climate Change: Greenhouse effect: ● Greenhouse effect = naturally occurring phenomenon tha t keeps the Earth warm enough to sustain life ○ Without greenhouse effect, Earth would be 33°C colder → life wouldn't exist ○ Process: 1. Sun’s infrared rays...
Effects of Climate Change: Cost of damage caused by climate change is going to increase over time ● Effects will vary and be uneven globally
Mitigating Climate Change: Mitigating strategies = strategies that deal with the cause of the problem ○ Reduce or prevent greenhouse gases which cause climate change ○ Protect carbon sinks (eg/ forests, oceans) Alternative energy production: ● Demand for energy...
Adaptation strategies = strategies that responds to the impacts of climate change ○ Attempts to make populations less vulnerable ○ Strategies are local to respond to localised impacts ● If mitigation stopped all CO 2 emissions, adaptation would still be needed ○...
Evidence for Climate Change: ● Climate change = long-term change in Earth’s climate ○ Could be due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature ● Quaternary period = period of geological time from 2.6 million years ago to the present day ○ Period marks a time...
CASE STUDY: Rainfall and Flooding In Cumbria ● Average rainfall in UK = 700 mm - 2, 500 mm annually (depends on location) ● Heaviest rainfall recorded fell on Cumbria in northern England (17th - 20th November 2009 ) Causes: ● Caused by deep Atlantic depression moving...
Response to Weather Risks: Management strategies: ● New flood defences built at a cost of £4.5 million → funded by central government and local community ○ Were essential to reduce extreme weather risk ○ Important that they didn't harm the town’s tourist economy ■ eg/...
Rainfall record and storm frequency: ● Range of data suggests that Earth’s climate is warming and changing → could increase by several degrees ○ Predicted by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) ■ Warmer weather → more evaporation → unpredicted rainfall ■...
Geological evidence suggests that climate change has been occuring throughout the Quaternary period ○ Occurred before humans were on the planet ○ Suggests that long-term climate change is a result of natural causes Solar output: ● Sun’s output of energy is not...
Background information: ● Located in the Philippines → made up of a number of islands ○ Northern hemisphere ○ Southeast Asia ■ Formed in the Pacific Ocean ● Struck on 8th November 2013 at 4:40 am ● Category 5 typhoon ● Most powerful storm to hit the Philippines → 314...
Reducing Effects of Tropical Storms: Monitoring: ● Monitoring tropical storms allows predictions to be made → saves lives and reduces damage ○ Satellites ■ Satellites can monitor cloud patterns ■ 1997 → discovered that appearance of rain clouds reaching 16 km in...
Weather Hazards in the UK: ● Weather = description of day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere ○ Climate = average weather over a long period of time ● UK experiences many kinds of extreme weather → damage done to societies makes them hazardous ○ Extreme weather =...
Risk Management: Reducing risk of earthquakes: ● Monitoring and prediction ○ It is possible to predict the general location where the earthquake might take place ■ But difficult to predict date, time and exact location ○ Seismologists use radon detection devices →...
Reducing risk of volcanoes: Monitoring and prediction ○ Easier to predict volcanic eruptions than earthquakes ○ Volcanoes give advance warning signals before eruption ■ But difficult to predict date and time ○ Satellites (GPS) and tiltmeters → monitor ground...
Global atmospheric circulation = worldwide system of winds → transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes (hot → cold areas) ○ Helps explain the locations of world climate zones and distribution of weather hazards ○ Redistributes warm air across the surface of the...
Global Distribution of Tropical Storms: Tropical storm = area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around a calm central point ○ Warm air rises to create an area of intense low pressure ○ Powerful winds spiral around this area (calm central point) ○ Warm air...
Structure and Features of Tropical Storms: Formation of tropical storms: 1. Air is heated above the surface of warm, tropical oceans ○ Warm air rises rapidly under the low pressure conditions (near equator) 2. Rising air draws up more air and large volumes of moisture...
Effects and Responses to Tropical Storms: Effects: ● Impacts of the storm → strong winds, torrential rainfall, storm surges, landslides, tornadoes ○ Storm surge = sea level rises rapidly and particularly high due to storm → upto 5m ● Primary effects: ○ Destroyed...
Effects and responses: Earthquakes never occur under the same circumstances ● Different factors affect the effects and responses of different countries → any are influenced by wealth ⇒ Factors affecting the impact and responses to an earthquake:
Reasons for Living in Hazardous Areas ● Despite the dangers, people still live in hazard-prone areas ○ 8% out of 7 billion people in the world live near volcanoes ○ 50% out of 320 million people in the USA live at risk of earthquakes ● Reasons include: ○ Geothermal...