Key Terminology Term Definition Aldehydes Organic compound with the group CHO, formed by oxidation of 1° alcohols Ketones Organic compound with the group CO, formed by oxidation of 2° alcohols Aldehydes and ketones are both carbonyl compounds, containing a C=O bond....
Key Terminology Term Definition Carboxylic Acid Organic compound with the group COOH, formed by oxidation of aldehydes Ester Organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl group Glycerol Propane-1,2,3-triol; a component of triglycerides...
Key Terminology Term Definition Arenes Hydrocarbons based on benzene Arenes are hydrocarbons based on the benzene ring, a very stable molecule. Benzene is a planar molecule, which is unsaturated but does not readily undergo addition reactions. All carbon atoms are...
Key Terminology Term Definition Amines Organic compounds containing an NH2 group, deriving from ammonia, where alkyl or aryl groups substitute for hydrogens of NH3 Amines are organic compounds containing an NH2 group. In a primary amine, one of the hydrogens from NH3...
Key Terminology Term Definition Condensation Polymerisation Production of a large molecule from reactions of monomers in which a small molecule, such as water, is eliminated. Condensation polymers involve two functional groups. Polyamide A polymer made by the linkage...
Key Terminology Term Definition Amino Acid Organic molecule that is made up of a basic amino group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), and an R group specific to each amino acid Zwitterion A molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged...
Key Terminology Term Definition Organic Synthesis Artificial execution of organic reactions to obtain a useful target molecule The synthesis of an organic compound can involve several steps. For the AQA specification, you are expected to be able to create a synthesis...
Key Terminology Term Definition NMR The absorption of EM radiation by a nucleus having a magnetic moment when in an external magnetic field, used as an analytical technique Resonance The flipping of nuclei between parallel and antiparallel positions 13C NMR NMR...
Key Terminology Term Definition Chromatography Family of separation techniques which separates a mixture dissolved in a solvent which moves over a stationary phase Mobile Phase The solvent which moves the soluble components of the mixture Stationary Phase Solid which...
Key Terminology Term Definition Organic Chemistry Study of compound containing carbon Homologous Series Series of compounds similar in structure, in which each member differs from the next by common repeating unit CH2 Molecular Formula Gives actual numbers of atoms of...
Key Terminology Term Definition Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Complete Combustion Occurs in plentiful supply of oxygen, and produces only CO2 and H2O Incomplete Combustion Occurs in limited oxygen supply and produces...
Key Terminology Term Definition Halogenoalkane Saturated organic molecule with C, H and X atoms Nucleophile Negatively charged ions or neutral molecules with a partial negative charge that donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond Base Source of hydroxide...
Term Definition Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond Stereoisomer Same structural formulae but take up different arrangements in space Geometric Isomers Occur in molecules with restricted rotation around a double bond, locking groups either side of...
Key Terminology Term Definition Biofuel A fuel derived immediately from living matter Carbon Neutrality Net zero CO2 emissions by balancing carbon emissions with carbon removal Carbonyl C=O group Primary Alcohol Alpha carbon has one R group; -OH group is at the end of...
Core Practical 6: Tests for Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkene and Carboxylic Acid Function Group Test Procedure Positive Result Alkenes Add Bromine Water Orange to Colourless 1° / 2° Alcohol Add Acidified Potassium Dichromate Orange to Green 3°Alcohol Remains Orange Aldehyde...
Key Terminology Term Definition Stereoisomerism Isomers with the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space Optical Isomerism A form of stereoisomerism where compounds have non-superimposable, mirror images. Enantiomers (optical isomers)...