Atoms are neutral because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Ions are charged because the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons. You can calculate the number of neutrons by doing mass number (protons + neutrons) – atomic...
There are 3 types of bonding that can occur within molecules; Ionic Bonding: This type of bonding exists in ionic compounds. Electrons are transferred from metal atoms, forming positive ions, to non-metal atoms, forming negative ions. These oppositely charged ions are...
Formulae: Empirical -> Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule Molecular -> Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Virtually all molecules, except for simple molecular, use the empirical formula as it is impossible to determine the...
Enthalpy Change (ΔH) -> This refers to a change is heat energy at constant pressure Standard Enthalpy Change -> Change in heat energy at constant pressure, under standard conditions Standard conditions refers to 298K, 100kPa and 1 mol/dm3 solutions Reaction...
Kinetics mainly works off of collision theory. This is the theory that, for a reaction to occur, the particles must collide with Energy (E) ≥ the Activation Energy (Ea), and in the correct orientation to one another in order to trigger a reaction. If either one of...
Chemical equilibria refers to dynamic equilibria. This means that both the forwards and reverse reactions are still occurring, but they are occurring at the same rate, so there is no net change in the concentrations of reactants or products. For a reaction to reach...
Ionisation Energy -> The enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of electrons is lost from 1 mole of gaseous atoms, forming 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions (or 1+ -> 2+) Electron Affinity -> The enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of electrons is gained by 1...
In electrochemistry, we use REDOX and oxidation states (revise from inorganic booklet) when we deal with the half cells. Electrode Potentials: In order to measure the standard electrode potential of a half cell, we have to use a Standard Hydrogen Electrode. This has a...
Bronstead-Lowry Acid -> Proton donor Bronstead-Lowry Acid -> Proton acceptor Strong acid -> fully dissociates (Ionised) in aqueous solution Weak acid -> partially dissociates in aqueous solution Conjugate Acid -> formed when a base accepts a proton...