Telescopes Ray diagrams Converging lens (convex) Diverging lens (concave) Formation of a real image by a converging lens Formation of a vertical image by a converging lens...
P9-Astrophysics(Optional topic)
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A-Level
P8-Nuclear Physics
Rutherford Scattering The discovery of the nucleus: Before 1913 scientist believed an atom was like a plum pudding, a positive mass with electrons dotted around inside. It wasn't until Ernest Rutherford did his experiment to prove otherwise. Rutherford detected a...
P7-Fields and their Consequences
Fields Force field- a region in which body experiences a non-constant force. A field is a physical quantity that describe a conduction in the space. The conduction or value could be scalar or vector. For each point in space, field is described by field strength -...
P5-Electricity
Basics of electricity Metals are conductors, as they have delocalized electrons. when these electrons are given energy, they are free to move and act as charge carriers. conduction electrons are attracted toward the positive terminal and repel the negative terminal,...
P6-Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Circular Motion To cause an object to move with uniform circular motion a centripetal force is required. In uniform circular motion, the object has a constant speed (here the speed is scalar and the magnitude is constant, velocity as the...
P4- Mechanics and Materials
scalars and vectors vector: any physical quantity which has direction as well as magnitude.( displacement, velocity , force , acceleration) Scalar: a physical quantity with only magnitude. ( distance, speed , mass) any vector can be represented an arrow. the length of...
P3- waves
Wave is a vibration through a substance. λ=Wavelength – length of one whole wave cycle A=Amplitude – max magnitude of displacement from equilibrium. F=Frequency – number of cycles per second passing through a point T=Time period – the time per one complete wave to...
P2-Particles and radiations
Constituents of the atom: Relative charge charge Relative weight Mass/kg proton 1 +1.6x1019 1 1.67x10-27 neutron 0 0 1 1.67x10-27 electron -1 -1.6x1019 1/2000 9.11x10-31 Isotopes: Isotopes are the atoms with the same number of protons and different number of...
P1- measurements and their errors
SI units The international system of units (SI) is founded on the seven base quantities. It was created in order to establish an internationally agreed set of quantity measurement standards. Base quantity Unit Symbol Mass Kilogram Kg Length Meter M Time Second S...