- REFERENDUMS
- Occasionally done to prevent ministerial resignations.
- g. in 2016 Cameron allowed ministers to campaign to leave the EU – they were, however denied access to the civil service – 5 ministers did this.
- COALITION
- The 2010 coalition identified 4 issues on which LD ministers would not be bound by collective responsibility and they were also allowed to campaign on different sides for the 2011 AV referendum.
- FREE VOTES
- They can be granted to ministers and BBs on issues of conscience e.g. Cameron allowed 2 ministers a free vote on the Marriage Bill in 2013.
- Labour gave MPs a free vote to vote in favour of Heathrow Expansion in 2018 – 119 voted in favour whilst 96 backed Corbyn.