Prediction:
Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur, but it can be
used to indicate likely locations.
• Remote sensing (plate movements and electromagnetic disturbances). Allows
sharing of GIS data with LIDCs.
• Seismic Records (studying seismic patterns using seismometers that record shock
waves from epicentre and relative ground motion).
• Radon gas emissions (inert gas released from rocks at a faster rate during
deformation.
• Ground water (deformation causes water level compression or tension).
Protection:
Typical of the approach taken by Japanese authorities.
• Earthquake resistant infrastructure- 2007 laws for buildings to be double checked
(including fire resistance). Single story buildings are more resistant to ground shaking
and reduce population density, reducing chance of high fatality rate. Soft storeys
designed to collapse (often car parks) alongside deep foundations.
• Increasing public awareness – Tokyo citizens advised to keep emergency supplies.
• Investing in prediction
• Improving ease and efficiency of evacuation routes.
• Land-use zoning
• Insurance for earthquake damage – although even in Kobe only 7% have this.
The exposure of people to risks and their ability to cope with tectonic
hazards changes over time: